Biochemistry: Diabetes Multiple Choice Questions PDF

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Practice Multiple Choice Questions based on Diabetes....

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Diabetes( ( ( The(reference(range(of(sodium(in(plasma,(is(normally-----.( a) 3.5(–(4.5(mmol/L( b) 135-145(mmol/L( c) 3.5-135(mmol/L( d) 4.5-145(mmol/L( e) 3.5-145(mmol/L( ( The(reference(range(of(potassium(in(plasma(is(----.( a) 3.5(–(4.5(mmol/L( b) 135-145(mmol/L( c) 3.5-135(mmol/L( d) 4.5-145(mmol/L( e) 3.5-145(mmol/L( ( In(plasma,(sodium(concentration(is(high(and(potassium(concentration(is(low(compared(to( inside(the(cell.( a) True( b) False( ( The(concentration(of(sodium(in(plasma(is(normally(higher(than(inside(the(cell.( a) True( b) False( ( The(concentration(of(potassium(in(plasma(is(normally(lower(than(inside(the(cell.( a) True( b) False( ( In(sodium/potassium(ATPase(pump,(3(sodium(leave(the(cell(whereas,(2(potassium(enter(the( cell.( a) True( b) False( ( In(sodium/potassium(ATPase(pump,(3(sodium(leave(the(cell(whereas,(2(potassium(enter(the( cell.( a) Two,(two( b) Three,(two( c) Two,(three,(( d) Three,(three( ( In(Na/K(ATPase(pump,(glucose(enters(the(cell(with(potassium,(whereas,(hydrogen(leaves(the( cell(with(sodium.( a) True( b) False( ( ( (

Diabetes( ( ( In(ICF/ECF,(in(case(of(acidosis,(potassium(is(more(likely(to(increase(in(plasma.(( a) True( b) False( ( In(ICF/ECF,(in(case(of(alkalosis,(potassium(is(more(likely(to(decrease(in(plasma.(( a) True( b) False( ( In(ICF/ECF,(in(case(of(acidosis,(potassium(is(more(likely(to(decrease(in(plasma.(( a) True( b) False( ( In(ICF/ECF,(in(case(of(alkalosis,(potassium(is(more(likely(to(increase(in(plasma.(( a) True( b) False( ( Hyperkalemia(is(more(likely(to(be(seen(in(case(of(high(plasma(insulin.( a) True( b) False( ( Insulin(decrease(cellular(uptake(of(plasma(potassium.( a) True( b) False( ( Insulin(increase(plasma(potassium.( a) True( b) False( ( Diabetic(patients(are(more(likely(to(be(hyokalemic.( a) True( b) False( ( A(severe(weakness(and(increased(excitability(may(be(regarded(to(hypokalemia.( a) True(( b) False( ( Hypokalemia(could(be(regarded(to(the(following:( GI(tract(poor(intake( Excess(GI(loss((feces)( Excess(renal(loss((diuretic)( Transmembrane(redistribution( a) True( b) False( ( ( (

Diabetes( ( ( ------could(be(regarded(to(the(effect(of(excessive(limit(of(aldosterone(and(cortisol(that(can( block(renal(-----of(filtered(potassium.( a) Hypokalemia( b) Hyperkalemia( c) Absorption( d) Reabsorption(( ( Heart(arrest(or(no(heartbeat(could(be(regarded(to(hyperkalemia.( a) True( b) False( ( Hyperkalemia(could(result(due(to(low(GFR.( a) True( b) False( ( Hyperkalemia(could(result(due(to(hyperglycemia(and(acidosis.( a) True( b) False( ( Addison’s(syndrome(is(characterised(by(hypoaldosteronism.( a) True( b) False( ( Internal(redistribution(may(be(due(to:( a) Insulin(deficiency( b) Acidosis( c) Low(catecholamines(( d) Cell(lysis( ( Internal(distribution(in(case(of(hyperkalemia(could(be(due(to(the(following(EXCEPT:(( a) Acidosis( b) Aldosterone(( c) Cell(lysis( d) Insulin(deficiency( e) Low(catecholamines(( ( Aldosterone(and(cortisol(decrease(the(amount(of(K+(reabsorbed/going(from(the(kidney(to( blood.( a) True( b) False( ( Hyperkalemia(could(be(regarded(to(the(effect(of(low(limit(of(aldosterone(and(cortisol(that( can(stimulate(renal(reabsorption(of(filtered(potassium.( a) True( b) False( (

Diabetes( ( ( In(general,(increase(in(potassium(is(associated(with(acidosis.(Exceptions(are(in(case(of( diarrhoea/vomiting,(there(is(loss(of(bicarbonate(and(potassium,(which(means(-------( a) Acidosis(and(hyperkalemia( b) Acidosis(and(hypokalemia( c) Alkalosis(and(hyperkalemia( d) Alkalosis(and(hypokalemia( ( ( Serum(is(the(liquid(part(of(the(blood(after(coagulation,(devoid(clotting(factors(as(fibrinogen.( a) True( b) False( ( Tissue(injury(could(result(in(hyperkalemia.( a) True( b) False( ( There(could(be(more(potassium(in(-----than(in(-----due(to(rupture(of(palettes(during( coagulation(process.( a) Plasma( b) Serum( ( What(do(you(expect(plasma(potassium(level(to(be(after(blood(is(drawn?( a) Hyperkalemia( b) Hypoalkalemia( c) Pseudohypoalkalemia( d) Pseudohyperalkalemia( ( What(do(you(expect(potassium(level(to(be(when(blood(is(hemolysed?( a) Hyperkalemia( b) Hypoalkalemia( c) Pseudohypoalkalemia( d) Pseudohyperalkalemia( ( Leukocytosis,(phelobotomy(and(hemolysis(of(blood(samples(are(all(possible(reasons(for( hyperkalemia.( a) True( b) False( What(do(you(expect(plasma(potassium(concentration(to(be(when(blood(has(been(collected( in(K2EDTA?( a) Hyperkalemia( b) Hypoalkalemia( c) Pseudohypoalkalemia( d) Pseudohyperalkalemia( ( ( (

Diabetes( ( ( What(do(you(expect(potassium(concentration(to(be(when(blood(has(been(stored(at(4(0C(for( long(time?( a) Hyperkalemia( b) Hypoalkalemia( c) Pseudohypoalkalemia( d) Pseudohyperalkalemia( ( In(order(to(decrease(pseudohyperkalemia,(it(is(recommended(to(store(the(blood(at(37(oC( rather(than(at(4(oC.?( a) True( b) False( ( Hyperadosteronism(can(result(in(hyperkalemia.( a) True( b) False( ( Conn’s(syndrome(can(result(in(hyperkalemia.( a) True( b) False( ( Hypokalemia(could(result(due(to(high(insulin(and(alkalosis.( a) True( b) False( ( Hyperaldosterone,(increased(sodium(and(water(delivery,(alkalosis(and(high(potassium(diet( will(increase(potassium(excretion(in(urine.( a) True( b) False( ( Hypoaldosterone,(decreased(sodium(and(water(delivery,(acidosis(and(low(GFR(will( decreasepotassium(excretion(in(urine.( a) True( b) False(

+ Diabetes--------------(means(sweet(urine,(whereas(diabetes(------------(means(watery(and(not( sweet(urine.( a) Mellitus( b) Insipidus( ( Diabetes(mellitus(means(sweet(urine,(whereas(Diabetes(insipidus(means(watery(and(not( sweet(urine.( a) True( b) False( ( (

Diabetes( ( ( --------------------is(the(synthesis(of(glucose(from(non-carbohydrate(precursors,(such(as( pyruvate,(amino(acids(and(glycerol.(It(takes(place(largely(in(liver((e.g.(Krebs(cycle)(and(serves( to(maintain(blood(glucose(under(conditions(of(starvation(or(intense(exercise.( a) Gluconeogenesis( b) Glycolysis( c) Glycogenesis( d) Glycogenolysis( ( ( --------------------is(the(breakdown(of(glucose.(The(initial(metabolic(pathway(of(cellular( respiration(in(which(a(series(of(reactions(happening(in(the(cytosol(results(in(the(conversion( of(a(monosaccharide,(often(glucose,(into(pyruvic(acid,(and(the(concomitant(production(of(a( relatively(small(amount(of(high-energy(molecules,(such(as(ATP((Krebs(cycle).(( a) Gluconeogenesis( b) Glycolysis( c) Glycogenesis( d) Glycogenolysis( ( ( --------------------is(the(formation(of(glycogen(from(glucose.(It(occurs(in(muscle(and(liver(cells( when(there(is(more(than(enough(glucose(to(meet(energy(needs((excess(glucose).( a) Gluconeogenesis( b) Glycolysis( c) Glycogenesis( d) Glycogenolysis( ( The(formation(of(glycogen(from(glucose(is(termed-----(.(It(occurs(in(muscle(and(liver(cells( when(there(is(more(than(enough(glucose(to(meet(energy(needs((excess(glucose).( a) Gluconeogenesis( b) Glycolysis( c) Glycogenesis( d) Glycogenolysis( ( --------------------is(the(breakdown(of(glycogen(to(from(glucose(for(use(as(energy((shortage(of( glucose).( a) Gluconeogenesis( b) Glycolysis( c) Glycogenesis( d) Glycogenolysis( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

Diabetes( ( ( The(healthy(person(has(plasma(glucose(level(less(than(7(mmol/L(for(OGTT.(However,(a( patient(is(hyperglycemic(if(the(plasma(glucose(level(is(higher(than…….(mmol/L.( a) 7( b) 9( c) 11( d) 13( e) 15( ( ( Diabetes(Mellitus(is(a(disease(in(which(the(body(doesn’t(produce(or(properly(use(insulin,( leading(to(( Hyperglycaemia.( a) True( b) False( ( What(is(the(role(of(insulin(in(blood?( Insulin(is(a(hormone(that(regulates(blood(glucose(level(by(signalling(the(liver,(muscle(and(fat( cells(to(take(in(------from(the(blood(to(be(used(for(----.(( If(the(body(has(sufficient(energy,(insulin(signals(the(----to(take(up(glucose(and(store(it(as(---.(( a) Kidney( b) Liver( c) Glucose( d) Glycogen( e) Storage(( ( Lack(of(insulin(and(increase(of(other(hormones(such(as(----------(can(cause(hyperglycemia:( a) T3(&(T4( b) Cortisol(and(Adrenaline( c) Adrenaline( d) Cortisol( e) Oestrogen(and(Progesterone( ( -----stimulates(gluconeogenesis,(whereas(--------stimulates(gluconeogenesis(and( glycogenolysis.( a) Adrenaline( b) Cortisol( ( + + + + + + + + +

Diabetes( ( + Insulin+secretion( Insulin(secretion(in(beta(cells(is(triggered(by(rising(blood(----levels.(Starting(with(the(uptake( of(glucose(by(the(-------transporter(in(the(liver.(( The(glycolytic(phosphorylation(of(glucose(causes(a(rise(in(the(-----.(This(rise(inactivates(the(---channel(that(depolarizes(the(membrane,(causing(the(calcium(channel(to(open(up(allowing( calcium(ions(to(flow(inward.(( The(ensuing(rise(in(levels(of(-----leads(to(the(exocytotic(release(of(insulin(from(their(storage( granule.( a) Glucose( b) Calcium( c) GLUT2( d) GLUT4( e) Potassium( f) ATP:ADP(ratio( g) ATP:FAD(ratio( ( What+goes+wrong+in+diabetes?( The(body’s(response(to(blood(sugar(requires(the(coordination(of(an(array(of(mechanisms.( Failure(of(any(one(component(involved(in(----regulation,(secretion,(uptake(or(breakdown( can(lead(to(the(build-up(of(-----in(the(blood.(Likewise,(any(damage(to(the(----,(which(produce( ----,(will(lead(to(increased(levels(of(blood(glucose.(( a) Insulin( b) Glucagon( c) Glucose( d) Glycogen( e) Beta(cells( f) Alpha(cells( ( How+does+insulin+receptor+binding+regulate+blood+glucose+level?( ----is(a(polypeptide(hormone(that(travels(around(the(bloodstream.(Binding(of(insulin(to(the(----leads(to(increased(----uptake(by(the(cell.(The(two(types(of(cells(that(are(the(main( exceptions(are(the(----and(the(----.(However,(this(is(only(due(to(the(fact(that(these(cells(are( readily(permeable(to(glucose,(even(in(the(absence(of(----.(( a) Insulin( b) Glucagon( c) Glucose( d) Glycogen( e) Muscle( f) Brain( g) Liver( h) Receptor( ( + + + +

Diabetes( ( + Action+of+insulin:( In(general(we(can(say(that(insulin(favours(----reactions;(more(simply,(insulin(favours(---energy(and(production(of(proteins(and(lipids.+( a) Anabolic( b) Catabolic( c) Release( d) Storing( ( Type(1(diabetes(are(insulin(dependent,(whereas(type(2(diabetes(are(not(insulin(dependent.+( a) True( b) False( ( Type(1(diabetes(are(usually(having(an(onset(age(of(less(than(40,(whereas(type(2(are(having( an(onset(age(of(more(than(40.+( a) True( b) False( ( ( Type(1(diabetes(is(due(to(lack(of(insulin.( a) True( b) False( ( Polyphagia(means(----( a) Hunger( b) Thirst( c) Frequent(urination( d) Weight(loss( ( Polydipsia(means(----( a) Hunger( b) Thirst( c) Frequent(urination( d) Weight(loss( ( Polyuria(means(----( a) Hunger( b) Thirst( c) Frequent(urination( d) Weight(loss( ( Type+2+diabetes:( Insulin(helps(the(cells(to(get(their(need(of(glucose.(In(case(of(-----,(the(receptors(in(the(cells( do(not(respond(fully(to(the(insulin(and(less(----is(entering(the(cells.((( a) Insulin(resistance( b) Lack(of(insulin( c) Glucagon(

Diabetes( ( d) Glucose( e) Glycogen( ( Type(2(diabetes(is(due(to(insulin(resistance.( a) True( b) False( ( In+type+2+diabetes:+patients(have(insulin(resistance(+(dysfunctional(b(cells( a) True( b) False( ( In(type(2(diabetes,(Insulin(levels(may(be(normal,(elevated(or(depressed( a) True( b) False( ( Type(2(diabetes(has(a(stronger(genetic(basis(than(type(1.(Yet(it(also(depends(more(on( environmental(factors.( a) True( b) False( ( Normal(blood(glucose(levels(are(between:( a) 1.0–5.8(mmol/L( b) 2.0–7.8(mmol/L( c) 4.0–7.8(mmol/L( d) 5.0–8.8(mmol/L( e) 9.0(–11(mmol/L( ( Glucagon(generally(elevates(the(concentration(of(glucose(in(the(blood(by(promoting( gluconeogenesis(and(-----------.( a) Glycogenesis( b) Glycogenolysis( c) Glycolysis( ( Type(2(diabetes(is(usually(a(problem(amongst(---------------(in(developed(countries(and(-------------(in(developing(countries(as(it(is(linked(to(obesity,(high(calorie(intake(and(sedentary( lifestyle.+( a) Healthy(people( b) Lower(socioeconomic(( c) Higher(socioeconomic( d) sporty(people((( ( Type(2(diabetes(is(usually(linked(to(the(following(EXCEPT(( a) active(lifestyle( b) high(calorie(intake(( c) obesity( d) sedentary(lifestyle( (

Diabetes( ( The(normal(range(for(a(BMI(is(to(be(( a) 15-20( b) 20-25( c) 25-30( d) Over(30( ( Obese(people(are(in(risk(to(type(2(diabetes.(( a) True( b) False( ( Above(a(BMI(of(----(the(risk(to(type(2(diabetes(increases.(( a) 15-20( b) 20-25( c) 25-30( d) Over(30( ( Obesity,(family(history,(gestational(diabetes,(high(blood(pressure(and(high(cholesterol(are(all( risks(for---.( a) Type(1(diabetes( b) Type(2(diabetes( ( --------(is(defined(as(women(who(had(diabetes(during(pregnancy.( a) Gestational(diabetes( b) Type(1(diabetes( c) Type(2(diabetes( d) Type(1&2(diabetes( ( Reducing(alcohol(and(eating(healthy(food,(loosing(weight(and(doing(regular(exercise(can(all( help(to(reduce(the(risk(of(type(2(diabetes.( a) True( b) False( ( Risk(of(Type(2(Diabetes(can(be(reduced.( a) True( b) False( ( The(following(are(the(types(of(blood(glucose(test(that(could(be(measured(using(the( Glucometer(EXCEPT:( a) Fasting( b) HbA1C(( c) OGTT( d) Random(( ( Blood(glucose(test(is(used(to(measure(the(glucose(level(for(the(day(and(it(is(not(reliable.( a) True( b) False( (

Diabetes( ( HbA1c(was(used(to(monitor(and(gives(an(average(of(blood(glucose(level(for(a(period(of(-----------( a) 1-3(weeks( b) 1-3(months( c) More(than(4(months( d) More(than(6(months( ( HbA1c(is(more(reliable(than(normal(blood(glucose(test(because(---------(( a) It(gave(an(average(of(blood(glucose(for(up(to(1(week( b) It(gave(an(average(of(blood(glucose(for(up(to(3(weeks( c) It(gave(an(average(of(blood(glucose(for(up(to(3(months( d) It(is(inexpensive( ( HbA1c(was(used(as(an(index(of(glycemic(control.(Nowadays,(it(is(also(used(to(diagnose( diabetes.( a) True( b) False( ( ( The(following(tests(are(usually(used(in(diabetes(diagnosis(and(management:( n Plasma(/(blood(glucose( n HbA1C( n Plasma(lipids( n Renal(function(tests( a) True( b) False( ( Common(clinical(biochemistry(tests(in(diabetic(diagnosis/management(are(all(the(following( EXCEPT(------------( a) HbA1c( b) Liver(tests( c) Plasma/blood(glucose( d) Plasma(lipids( e) Renal(function(tests( ( ( What(is(the(alternative(recommended(test(by(the(International(Expert(Committee(if(HbA1C( is(not(possible?( a) Cholesterol( b) FPG(or(2HPG( c) Liver(functions( d) Plasma(lipids( e) Renal(functions( ( ( ( (

Diabetes( ( You(should(not(find(glucose(in(urine(in(a(healthy(person(because(it(should(be(completely( reabsorbed(by(the(kidneys.( a) True( b) False( ( What(is(the(renal(threshold(for(blood(glucose(level(below(which(all(glucose(filtered(at(the( glomerulus(are(reabsorbed?( a) 7(mmol/L( b) 9(mmol/L( c) 11(mmol/L( d) 13(mmol/L( ( A(negative(urine(dipstick(test(does(not(exclude(DM( a) True( b) False( ( Can(glucosuria(be(used(to(diagnose(diabetes?( a) Yes( b) No( ( The(following(are(examples(of(acute(complications(that(require(immediate(medical( attention,(EXCEPT:(( a) Hyperglycaemia( b) Hypoglycaemia(( c) Diabetic(ketoacidosis(Hyperosmolar(coma( ( Hypoglycaemia(is(a(low(blood(glucose(level.( a) True( b) False( ( Failure(to(take(food(after(insulin(can(cause(similar(effect(to(an(overdose(of(insulin,(which(can( cause(hypoglycaemia.( a) True( b) False( ( Failure(to(take(food(after(insulin(can(cause(similar(effect(to:( (( a) An(overdose(of(glucagon( b) An(overdose(of(insulin( c) An(overdose(of(hyperglycaemic(drug( ( The(followings(are(the(triad(of(ketoacidosis(EXCEPT:( (( a) Acidemia( b) Hyperglycaemia(( c) Hypoglycemia( d) Ketosis(

Diabetes( ( ( A(recovery(of(diabetic(ketoacidosis(is(via(giving(insulin.( a) True(( b) False( ( If(a(patient(is(having(the(following(results:( n Acidosis(due(to(low(bicarbonate( n Low(GFR(due(to(high(urea(and(creatinine( n Hyperglycemia(due(to(high(plasma(glucose( n Ketosis(due(to(high(acetoacetate(and(beta-hydroxybutyrate( n Hyperkalemia(due(to(high(potassium( The(patient(is(more(likely(to(have(diabetic(ketoacidosis(and(renal(disease.( a) True(( b) False( ( Hyperosmolar(non-ketoic(coma(is(high(blood(glucose(as(in(ketoacidosis,(but(without( increased(-----and(------.( (( a) Acidosis( b) Ketones( c) Alkalosis( d) Glucose( ( Diabetic(ketoacidosis(is(usually(in(type(1,(whereas(hyperosmolar(non-ketoic(coma(is(usually( in(type(2.( a) True( b) False( ( Hyperosmolar(non-ketoic(coma(is(high(blood(glucose(as(in(ketoacidosis,(but(without( increased(ketones(and(_______( (( a) Acidosis( b) Ketones( c) Alkalosis( d) Glucose( ( Diabetic(ketoacidosis(is(usually(in(type(1,(whereas(hyperosmolar(non-ketoic(coma(is(usually( in(type(2.( a) True( b) False( ( ---------------(is(the(earliest(sign(of(diabetic(renal(disease.( a) Cholesterol( b) Increase(in(BUN( c) Increase(in(triglycerides( d) Low(GFR( e) Microalbuminura(

Diabetes( ( ( ( ( (

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