Biological Crash Course- Molecules PDF

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Biology crash course: Biological molecules Biological molecules: essential sources of energy, energy storage, instructions (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) 3 categories: 1. Saccharinous (carbohydrates) 2. Oleaginous (fats) 3. Albminous (proteins) ***all needed in order to live Carbohydrates: where all the energy comes from that we need - Made up of sugars: Monosaccharides - Glucose **** comes from the sun (to get energy- respiration) - Fructose - Two monosaccharides put together: Disaccharides (Sucrose- glucose/fructose) - When they chain together become store houses for energy - More than two monosaccharides: Polysaccharides good for storing - Cellulose: glucose molecules put together (not for humans!!) - Plant form glucose in the form of starch - We store carbohydrates in: glycogen (sits in our muscles/livers) Fat: where we store most of our energy - Lipids: grouped together because they cannot dissolve in water (chemical bonds nonpolar) - Fats are made up of: glycerol (alcohol) & fatty acids (long carbon hydrogen chains) - ^^^when you connect three glycerol w/ fatty acids: Triglyceride (butter, peanut butter, oil) - Fatty acids can we saturated with carbon and hydrogen (can also be unsaturated) - Unsaturated: oils, water on top of peanut butter (no double bonds?) - Transfats: Not made in nature!!!! - We cannot synthesis them ourselves*** need to eat in order to get - Phospholipid: trade one of fatty acids for a phosphate group (w/ glycerol) make up cell membrane walls!!! Phosphate group gives it polarity (polar-attracted to water, circle top) bottom is non-polar (avoids water) arrange each other w hydrophobic ends facing each other and hydrophilic facing the water - Steroids: backbone of four interconnected carbo rings (most famous: Cholesterol- forms with phospholipids) can also turn into different lipid hormones Proteins: most complicated chemical compounds on the planet - Enzymes: regulate chemical processes to help you digest food - Antibodies: connect themselves to bacteria/viruses so your immune system doesn’t get them - Protein hormones: mess with brain, make you feel emotions

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Use only 20 different groups: Amino Acids- carboxyl group, amino group (first time nitrogen has showed up in our food******) carbon is in middle- share one and other for R/side chain (20 different kinds- determine shape/function) Polypeptides: long chains of amino acids (make cool structures) Protein synthesis: only possible if you have all the amino acids necessary (9 of them we cannot make ourselves) ^^^ histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine...