Biology assignment - Homeostasis refers to the characteristics of organisms, tissues, or cells that PDF

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Homeostasis refers to the characteristics of organisms, tissues, or cells that allow them to regulate and maintain the constancy and stability required to function appropriately. For instance, the human body maintains constant blood pressure through multiple fine adjustments series....

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Assignment Student Name Professor Name Course Date

ASSIGNMENT 1.

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Using at least one physiological example, explain the concept of homeostasis.

Homeostasis refers to the characteristics of organisms, tissues, or cells that allow them to regulate and maintain the constancy and stability required to function appropriately. For instance, the human body maintains constant blood pressure through multiple fine adjustments series. This series ranges in the normal function of cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and hormonal systems. These adjustments help the body pressure to maintain the necessary level despite various environment changes, a person’s activity, and position (Stöppler 2018). Therefore, homeostasis helps in establishing stable, healthy conditions achieved through biochemical’s adjustments and physiological pathways. 2.

Explain and provide examples of specificity, competition, and saturation in proteins.

Specificity describes the proteins’ ability to bind to particular ligands through their binding site. In other words, it is the critical strength between protein and ligand (Kühlmann et al., 2000). Antibody-antigen is an example of a protein-ligand system with high specificity. Two proteins are termed to be competitive when they can interact with similar proteins at a common interface. For instance, Fili et al. (2020) noted that two high and low-affinity proteins compete to bind in myosin VI to regulate its cellular function. In protein chemistry, saturation refers to the limit to which ligand has fully occupied the reversible binding site. Membrane transport proteins number is always limiting and can be saturated when molecules concentration is too high.

ASSIGNMENT

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Explain the concepts of specificity, competition, and saturation as they relate to enzymes.

Specificity refers to enzyme property that explains how it is selective in its choice of substrate, where a completely specific enzyme has a single choice of substrate. Turati et al. (2019) noted that the Competition concept is used to describe how substrate and inhibitors compete to bind in the enzyme’s active site. Saturation refers to the number of substrates increased in the reaction to make enzymes more active, resulting in enhanced reaction speed (Turati et al., 2019). The saturation point is reached when the substrates fully occupy enzymes. 4.

Explain the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane.

The fluid-mosaic model uses numerous experimental observations to understand biological membranes. It states that membrane components such as proteins create a mobile mosaic, which resembles a fluid-like environment found in phospholipids sea (Zalba& Ten Hagen 2017). Fluid-mosaic models suggest that cell membrane is multiple tapestry types of molecules that are at the constant movement. This movement enables the cell membrane to form a boundary between internal and external cell conditions. 5.

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Compare osmolarity and tonicity.

Osmolarity refers to the solute concentration measure per solvent unit volume. It takes account of all solute concentrations (Vujovic et al., 2018). On the other hand, tonicity measures the gradient between two solutions, and it influenced by only solutes that cannot permeate through a semipermeable membrane

ASSIGNMENT 6.

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Compare diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.

Diffusion refers to the ions/molecules’ movement from a place with higher concertation to lower concertation. Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport where ions/molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane (Yang et al., 2019). This is because of the presence of permeases found in the membrane that facilitates the movement. Active transport refers to the movement of molecules from a region with lower concertation to a place of higher concertation (Yang et al., 2019). It is the opposite of diffusion since it occurs against the concentration gradient. 7.

Explain why cells need both channel and carrier proteins.

According to Charton et al. (2019), channel and carrier proteins are the type of membrane transport protein type. Two are necessary for effective transportation since they have unique purposes. Roberts et al. (2002) argued that carrier proteins carry molecules/ions from one region to another while channel proteins create cell membrane open channels to allow molecules/ions’ movement. 8.

Explain the concepts of specificity, competition, and saturation as they relate

to carrier-mediated transport Specificity indicates the transported ability to carry a specific molecular type or closely related groups of molecules. For instance, GLUT transported has the specificity to move only 6carbon monosaccharides.

ASSIGNMENT Competition is where multiple substrates compete with one another for a particular transporter binding site. Saturation refers to the limited number of molecules that a transporter can move (Dickens et al., 2018). Increasing substrates number increases transportation rate up to the saturation point where all carrier binding sites are occupied. Therefore, saturation gives the point at which movement is at maximum.

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Charton, L., Plett, A., & Linka, N. (2019). Plant peroxisomal solute transporter proteins. Journal of integrative plant biology, 61(7), 817-835. Dickens, D., RFdisch, S., Chiduza, G. N., Giannoudis, A., Cross, M. J., Malik, H., ... & Nies, A. T. (2018). Cellular uptake of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine is a carrier-mediated process. Molecular pharmaceutics, 15(8), 3557-3572. Fili, N., Hari-Gupta, Y., Aston, B., Dos Santos, Á., Gough, R. E., Alamad, B., ... & Toseland, C. P. (2020). Competition between two high-and low-affinity protein-binding sites in myosin VI controls its cellular function. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295(2), 337-347. Kühlmann, U. C., Pommer, A. J., Moore, G. R., James, R., & Kleanthous, C. (2000). Specificity in protein-protein interactions: the structural basis for dual recognition in endonuclease colicin-immunity protein complexes. Journal of molecular biology, 301(5), 1163-1178. Roberts, K., Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Walter, P., & Hunt, T. (2002). Molecular biology of the cell. New York: Garland Science. Turati, D. F. M., Almeida, A. F., Terrone, C. C., Nascimento, J. M., Terrasan, C. R., FernandezLorente, G., ... & Carmona, E. C. (2019). Thermotolerant lipase from Penicillium sp. section Gracilenta CBMAI 1583: Effect of carbon sources on enzyme production, biochemical properties of crude and purified enzyme, and substrate specificity. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 17, 15-24. Stöppler, M. C. (2018, December 21). Definition of Homeostasis. RxList. https://www.rxlist.com/homeostasis/definition.htm

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Vujovic, P., Chirillo, M., & Silverthorn, D. U. (2018). Learning (by) osmosis: an approach to teaching osmolarity and tonicity. Advances in physiology education, 42(4), 626-635. Yang, J., Hu, X., Kong, X., Jia, P., Ji, D., Quan, D., ... & Guo, W. (2019). Photo-induced ultrafast active ion transport through graphene oxide membranes. Nature communications, 10(1), 1-7. Zalba, S., & Ten Hagen, T. L. (2017). Cell membrane modulation as an adjuvant in cancer therapy. Cancer treatment reviews, 52, 48-57....