Biology Notes 1 29 20 PDF

Preview

Summary

1st Lecture notes of Spring 2020 of Dr. Patricia Enmore
...

Description

Deanna R. Hubert BIOLOGY 101 Notes Dr. Patricia Enmore 29 January 2020

Biology is the scientific study of life: Living things share the following characteristics in common: ○ High degree of organization ○ Require input of energy and materials ○ Reproduce ○ Respond to stimuli (surviving) ○ Are homeostatic: (Balance between Temp.) ○ Undergo growth and development ○ Adapt to their environment The Characteristics of life ● Living things exhibit levels of Biological organization ○ Cellular level ○ Tissue level ○ Organ level ○ Organ System level ○ Organismal level ● Organisms require materials and energy ○ Energy - capacity to do work ○ Photosynthesizers use light to make food ○ Animals ingest food ○ Food molecules yield energy ● Living things reproduce ○ DNA contains hereditary information ○ Genes in DNA molecules allow organisms to reproduce ○ Single-celled organisms reproduce asexually by dividing ○ Daughter cells are genetically identical ○ Multicellular organisms reproduce sexually ■ Each parent contributes one half of genes to offspring ■ Offspring are genetically unique ● Organisms respond to stimuli moving toward or away from the stimulus ○ Movement toward the stimulus is called a positive response ○ Movement away from the stimulus is called a negative response ○ Movements are important components of behavior ■ Behaviors are protective and adaptive ● Living organisms are homeostatic ○ Homeostasis - is the ability of an organism to maintain relatively constant internal conditions. ○ An example is temperature regulation in the human body. ○ All organ systems function in homeostasis.

● Living things undergo the processes of growth and development ○ Growth - characterized by an increase in size and cell number ○ Development - all events occurring between conception and death ● Living organisms adapt to the environment ○ Adaptations - specific characteristics that increase survival ○ Evolution - process by which species change over time ■ New variations within a species may have a survival benefit ■ Those individuals survive to reproduce ● Adaptation, cont’d ○ Evolution can explain both unity and diversity of organisms ○ All organisms share characteristics of life ■ Share common ancestry ○ Diversity results from adaptations to different environments Classification of living things ● Taxonomy - discipline of identifying and classifying organisms ● Organisms classified into taxons ○ Species - most specific grouping ○ Genus - related species ○ Family - related genera (plural form of genus) ○ Order - related families ○ Class - related orders ○ Phylum - related phylum ○ Kingdom - related kingdoms ○ Domain - the most general grouping of related kingdoms ● Domin - most general and largest taxon ○ Based on biochemical evidence ○ Archae - unicellular prokaryotic organisms which live in extremely harsh environments ○ Bacteria - unicellular prokaryotes found in nearly all environments ○ Eukarya - unicellular and multicellular organisms which have DNA contained within a nuclear membrane. ● Kingdoms ○ Archae and Bacteria - currently under revision ○ Eukarya - divided into the 4 Kingdoms ■ Protista - unicellular and multicellular organisms; some photosynthetic, others are heterotrophic ■ Fungi - heterotrophic plant-like organisms ■ Plantae - multicellular photosynthetic green plants ■ Animalia - multicellular heterotrophic animals ● Binomial nomenclature ○ Each organism is giving a scientific name which will be recognized by all scientists ○ Based on Latin ○ Consists of an organism’s genus and species ■ The genus is capitalized and the species is lowercase ■ The entire name is either underlined or printed in italics

■ Example: the scientific name of humans is Homosapiens Organization of biosphere: ● Biosphere - Zone of air, land, and water at Earth’s surface which supports life ● Population - all members of a species living in an area. Within an ecosystem, populations interact with each other and with the physical environment. ● Community - groups of populations living together ● Ecosystem - includes communities and the physical environment (soil, air, water) in the an area. ● Chemicals cycle through an ecosystem; until they are returned to the environment though death and decomposition and are reutilized. ● Energy flows through an ecosystem from the sun through photosynthesizers to others in food chain and dissipates back to the environment as heat ● Climate determines location of ecosystems ● The most diverse ecosystems ● The most most diverse ecosystems form where solar energy is greatest The Process of Science: ● Science is a way of knowing - an approach to understanding the natural world. It is the inquiry, a search for information and explanations of natural phenomena. ● Data - recorded observations (quantitative/qualitative) ● Observations often prompt us to ask questions and then seek answers by forming and testing hypotheses. ● A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations and it leads to predictions that can be tested by making additional observations or by performing experiments ● Experiment is a scientific test, often carried out under controlled conditions ● Development of a conclusion - may lead to a scientific theory, for example, Cell Theory, Gene Theory, etc. ● Scientific theory is a much broader in scope and is supported by large and usually growing body evidence. ● Hypothesis can be tested using control experiments. ● Controlled experiments - manipulate one component in a system and observes the effects of this change. ● Variables are factors that vary in an experiment. The factor being manipulated independent variable. The measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment is called the dependent variable. ● What is a controlled experiment? ○ Experimental group is compared with a control group. Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways ● The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena. ● The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose. ● Two fields, however, are interdependent. ● Scientists use technology in their research, and scientific discoveries often lead to the development of new technologies. Which of the following is NOT a property of living things?

A. B. C. D.

Able to adapt to environmental conditions Process energy Tremendous variation size Composed of cells

Organism is to population as organ is to ___________. A. B. C. D.

Cells Organ system Tissue Organelles

A small group of 25 predatory birds populates an island. Three members of the population have superior sight, which gives these birds a significant advantage in capturing prey. After many generations, the population on the island has risen to 1,500 and almost all of the birds have superior sight compared to the species on other islands. This is an example of _________________. A. B. C. D.

Evolutionary adaptation Regulation Energy utilization Ordered anatomical structures

Energy within most ecosystems flows along which of the following pathways? A. Energy from the sun powers photosynthesis; consumes use energy from plants in the form of sugars; metabolic heat is released from the system. B. Energy from the sun powers photosynthesis; consumes use energy from plants in the form of sugars; consumers recycle energy back into the system. C. Energy from the sun provides consumers with energy in the form of sugars; metabolism occurs in living things, releasing heat from of sugars; metabolism occurs in living things, releasing heat from the system. D. Energy from photosynthesis flows to consumers; consumers recycle energy back into the system....