Bioremediation of water containing pesticides by microalgae: Mechanisms, methods, and prospects for future research PDF

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Science of the Total Environment 707 (2020) 136080 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Bioremediation of water containing pesticides by microalgae: Mechanisms, methods, and prospects for future research Jing N...

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Bioremediation of water containing pesticides by microalgae: Mechanisms, methods, and prospects for future research Dr Manish Kumar Science of the Total Environment

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Science of the Total Environment 707 (2020) 136080

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv

Bioremediation of water containing pesticides by microalgae: Mechanisms, methods, and prospects for future research Jing Nie a, Yuqing Sun b, Yaoyu Zhou a,⁎, Manish Kumar b, Muhammad Usman c, Jiangshan Li d, Jihai Shao a, Lei Wang b, Daniel C.W. Tsang b a

College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman d State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China b c

H I G H L I G H T S

G R A P H I C A L

A B S T R A C T

• Pesticide pollution can be treated by microalgae technology. • Removal mechanisms and methods for pesticide removal by microalgae • Recycling of microalgae after wastewater treatment • Limitations and future perspectives of microalgae technology

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history: Received 25 August 2019 Received in revised form 20 November 2019 Accepted 10 December 2019 Available online 12 December 2019 Keywords: Pesticide Water pollution Green remediation Microalgae Biodiesel

a b s t r a c t The application of pesticides reduces the loss of crops while simultaneously increasing crop productivity. However, the frequent use of pesticides can cause serious environmental problems due to their high accumulative and persistent nature. Recently, microalgae technology has received considerable success in the efficient treatment of pesticides pollution. In this review, the metabolic mechanisms responsible for the removal of pesticides are summarized based on previous studies. Different methods used to enhance the ability of microalgae to remove pesticides are critically evaluated. The recycling of microalgae biomass after wastewater treatment for biochar preparation and biodiesel production using the biorefinery approach is also introduced. Furthermore, we present potential future research directions to highlight the prospects of microalgae research in the removal of pesticides along with the production of value-added products. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Pesticides include herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, rodenticide, plant growth regulators, defoliants, anti⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Zhou).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136080 0048-9697/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

rodent drugs, etc. (Köck et al., 2010; Rasmussen et al., 2015; Tsaboula et al., 2018). In modern agriculture, pesticides occupy an indispensable position and are widely used in other industries, such as forestry and animal husbandry, to enhance crop production and increase economic benefits. However, the indiscriminate utilization of pesticides could lead to a sharp increase in and accumulation of pesticides in the environment, resulting in serious pesticide contamination (Song et al.,

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J. Nie et al. / Science of the Total Environment 707 (2020) 136080

2019b). Due to the popularization of mechanized agricultural production, pesticides are mostly applied via spraying by machines and even drones, which could inevitably contaminate the atmosphere, soil, and water. Agricultural runoff also contributes to the contamination of adjacent water bodies. Accordingly, pesticide contamination in the environment is mainly caused by the following sources: (i) surface runoff from agricultural and previously contaminated land, (ii) condensation of volatile pesticides, (iii) improper transportation and storage of pesticides, (iv) improper spraying of pesticides, and (v) disposal of insufficiently treated and/or non-treated wastewater from pesticide industries (Agrawal et al., 2010; Eqani et al., 2013; Hageman et al., 2006; Huizhen et al., 2014). Entry of pesticides into the environment is associated to multiple environmental and health hazards like the toxicity of the pesticide itself will inhibit the growth of plants and animals. For example, organochlorine pesticides can affect the development of animals and interfere with their nervous system (Boudh and Singh, 2019). Pesticides can enter the food chain and gradually bio-accumulate in higher trophic level organisms or even the human body via the biomagnification process. After exposure to pesticides, a series of symptoms such as itchy skin, inflammation of the nose and throat, headache, rash and blisters on the skin, nausea, vomiting, tingling of the eyes and skin, diarrhea, dizziness, blindness, blurred vision and very few deaths, are possible (usually within 24 h), but in most cases, the acute effects of pesticides are not serious and do not require medical attention every time (Boudh and Singh, 2019). According to some research, atrazine, glyphosate, simazine, imidacloprid, mecoprop and isoproturon are commonly and frequently used pesticides in daily life (Benbrook, 2016; Foster et al., 2010; Simondelso et al., 2015). In particular, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were among the original pesticides and have been widely used worldwide (Yadav et al., 2015). Pesticide pollution has been a historical issue. The use of classic OCPs, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dates to the 1950s (Lai, 2017; Rasmussen et al., 2015). Due to the discovery of DDT in polar organisms, the problem of pesticide pollution has attracted great attention from researchers and public (Yang et al., 2017; Zhou et al., 2018). OCPs are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and have been banned in many countries due to their tremendous environmental persistence, significant bio-toxicity, and poor bio-degradability (Barion et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2006). As a primary agricultural country, China has been at the forefront of pesticide use worldwide, and the surface water and soil are in a state of serious environmental contamination that calls for immediate attention. China is the world's largest pesticide user. In 2005, China consumed 1.46 million tons of pesticides (W. Zhang et al., 2011; S. Zhang et al., 2011). The average use of pesticides per hectare in China is about 1.5 to 4 times of the world average (Zhang et al., 2015). According to a review, the DDT pollution in most rivers and lakes in China reached to class II (b1 ng/L) or class III (1–25 ng/L), and approximately 25% of the areas were class IV (25–250 ng/L); the highest contaminated sites were located in the Haihe River Basin, the Huaihe River Basin, the Taihu Basin, and the Pearl River Basin, and the contamination level was class V (N250 ng/L) (Grung et al., 2015). In order to strengthen the management, quality and safety of pesticides and agricultural products for the safety of people and animals, and protect agricultural and forestry production and the ecological environment, the regulations on the Administration of Pesticides has been revised and adopted at the 164th executive meeting of the state council on February 8, 2017, and came into force on June 1, 2017. And according to the relevant provisions of the regulations, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of 5 the People's Republic of China has introduced management measures for some pesticides, the contents of which are sorted out in Table 1 (www.moa.gov.cn/gk/tzgg_1/). The hazards of pesticides to human health and the ecological environment cannot be ignored. For the sake of the economy and development of mankind, pesticides cannot be completely abandoned in the

future for a long time. Therefore, effective remediation strategies should be developed to ease the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment. Different chemical, physical, and biological strategies (chemical enhanced extraction, stabilization/solidification, adsorption, etc.) exist to address this issue (Sun et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019b; Wang et al., 2018). The advantages and limitations of the different treatment methods are systematically presented in Table 2. Nevertheless, the safety and efficiency of environmental remediation technology are a priority for scientists, engineers, and authorities. In contrast to other processes, bioremediation technology is recognized as one of the safest environmental restoration methods globally due to its environmentalfriendly nature, cost-efficiency, and reduced risk of secondary pollutant generation (Parween et al., 2018; Peng et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019a; R. Zhou et al., 2017). Due to these advantages, bioremediation technology has attracted many researchers' interest to restore environments. However, the selection of biological species is of paramount importance to bioremediation techniques; the bioremediated species should have strong environmental adaptability and geographical distribution, and the species should preferably be indigenous, enabling it to reduce the harm of invasive species (Lawton et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014). Recently, the use of microalgae has shown promise as bioremediation technology (Shao et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016). The utilization of microalgae to remove nutrients, pesticides, toxic elements, pharmaceutical chemicals, and oils from wastewater has been widely reported (Ummalyma et al., 2018). Moreover, microalgae have a wide range of applications, including pharmaceutical industry, food industry, animal feed, environmental detection, biotechnology, renewable energy, cosmetic industry, etc. (Ravindran et al., 2016; Spolaore et al., 2006). Approximately 45,000 to 100,000 species of algae exist on earth (Chisti, 2018). Some microalgae species, such as Chlorella and Spirulina, has been applied to commercial production and utilization (Rizwan et al., 2018). Microalgae are primary producers in the food chain and exhibit strong adaptability to the environment. Thus, microalgae have been successfully used in the field of environmental application and the production of value-added products (Benemann et al., 2018; Pérez-Legaspi et al., 2016). Microalgae have gained particular interest from researchers mainly because they can utilize wastewater organic matters as carbon and nutrient sources. In addition, microalgae can treat wastewater, ultimately rendering algal cultivation cost-effective (Barros et al., 2015). Here, in this review, we comprehensively describe environmental remediation by microalgae application for the removal of pesticides from wastewater and future research directions. Moreover, due to the continuous development of biotechnology and consummation of related knowledge, the mechanisms of pesticide detoxification are explored at the genetic level. Additionally, the possibility of the biovalorization of algal biomass is explored. Although current studies using microalgae for pesticide removal are mostly on a lab-scale, the reported accomplishments indicate that the large-scale application of microalgae for wastewater treatment is highly feasible. 2. Cultivation, screening, identification and characterization of microalgae 2.1. Cultivation of microalgae Microalgae cultivation can be achieved via photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic methods (Hammed et al., 2016). The photoautotrophic process requires three basic substances, i.e., a carbon source, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), a light source, and a nutrient; this photosynthetic process uses a light source to convert CO2 into chemical energy (Huang et al., 2010). The carbon source and light source are the major factors influencing microalgae growth. The advantage of the photoautotrophic method is that it can use the CO2 in the atmosphere as a carbon source. However, when CO2 is supplied as the only carbon source for microalgae growth, the microalgae cultivation

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J. Nie et al. / Science of the Total Environment 707 (2020) 136080 Table 1 Management measures for some pesticides. Pesticide name

Management measure

Implementation time

Endosulfan

1) Revoke the pesticide registration certificate for endosulfan-containing products; 2) Prohibition of application of endosulfan-containing products in agriculture. Bromomethane (methyl 1) The scope of pesticide registration for bromomethane products is changed to “quarantine fumigation treatment”, and the bromide) use of bromomethane products in agriculture is prohibited. Acephate 1) Revoke the registration of acephate (including single and compound formulations containing active ingredients of pesticides) for pesticides on vegetables, fruits, tea leaves, fungi and Chinese herbal medicine crops; 2) Applications for registration of acephate pesticides in vegetables, fruits, tea leaves, fungi and Chinese herbal medicine crops will no longer be accepted or approved; 3) Forbidden to use acephate on vegetables, fruits, tea leaves, fungi and herbs. Carbosulfan 1) Revoke the registration of carbosulfan (including single and compound formulations containing active ingredients of pesticides) for pesticides on vegetables, fruits, tea leaves, fungi and Chinese herbal medicine crops; 2) Applications for registration of carbosulfan pesticides in vegetables, fruits, tea leaves, fungi and Chinese herbal medicine crops will no longer be accepted or approved; 3) Forbidden to use carbosulfan on vegetables, fruits, tea leaves, fungi and herbs. Dimethoate 1) Revoke the registration of dimethoate (including single and compound formulations containing active ingredients of pesticides) for pesticides on vegetables, fruits, tea leaves, fungi and Chinese herbal medicine crops; 2) Applications for registration of dimethoate pesticides in vegetables, fruits, tea leaves, fungi and Chinese herbal medicine crops will no longer be accepted or approved; 3) Forbidden to use dimethoate on vegetables, fruits, tea leaves, fungi and herbs. Butyl 1) Field trials and registration applications for butyl 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (including original, parent, single and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate compound preparations, the same below) will not be accepted or approved; 2) It shall not accept or approve the application for renewal of registration for domestic use of butyl 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate; 3) Keep the overseas use registration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate products of the original medicine manufacturer, and the original medicine manufacturer can apply to change the existing registration to the registration for export overseas use only when renewing the registration. Paraquat 1) Field trials and registration applications for paraquat (including original, parent, single and compound preparations, the same below) will not be accepted or approved; and applications for renewal of registration of paraquat for use within the territory of China shall no longer be accepted or approved; 2) The registration for overseas use of the products of the mother drug manufacturer shall be kept, and the mother drug manufacturer may apply for changing the existing registration to the registration for overseas use only when renewing the registration. Dicofol 1) Deregistration of the pesticide dicofol;

Flubendiamide

2) The sale and use of dicofol are prohibited. 1) Deregistration of the pesticide flubendiamide;

Carbofuran

2) The sale and use of flubendiamide are prohibited. 1) Revoke carbofuran's pesticide registration for use on sugar cane crops;

Phorate

2) Carbofuran's use on sugar cane crops is banned. 1) Revoke phorate's pesticide registration for use on sugar cane crops;

Isofenphos-methyl

2) Phorate's use on sugar cane crops is banned. 1) Revoke isofenphos-methyl's pesticide registration for use on sugar cane crops;

Aluminum phosphide

Methidathion E.C Chloropicrin Ethyl perfluorooctylsulfonamide

2) Isofenphos-methyl's use on sugar cane crops is banned. 1) The production of aluminum phosphide pesticide products shall be packaged in double layers. The outer packing shall be well sealed, waterproof and moisture-proof and prevent gas leakage. The inner package should be transparent for direct fumigation. Both the inner and outer packages should be marked with the label of high toxicity and the cautions such as “no use in the living place of human and animal”; 2) It is prohibited to sell or use other packaged aluminum phosphide products. 1) Deregistration of methidathion E.C. on citrus trees and prohibition of its use on citrus trees. 1) Change the scope of application and application method of chloropicrin to soil fumigation, and cancel other registration except soil fumigation. 1) The registration and renewal of pesticide registration for pesticide products containing ethyl perfluorooctylsulfonamide (including original medicine, single agent and compound preparation of the active ingredient) will no longer be accepted and approved; 2) Revoke pesticide registration and production license for pesticide products containing ethyl perfluorooctylsulfonamide (including original medicine, single agent and compound preparation of the active ingredient); 3) It is prohibited to use pesticide products containing ethyl perfluorooctylsulfonamide (including original medicine, single agent and compound preparation of the active ingredient).

area should be near places that can supply a large quantity of CO2, such as factories and power plants (Chen et al., 2011). As the microalga cell grows, the increase in turbidity and cell density causes light limitation, which can affect the microalgae's biomass growth. Compared to photoautotrophic cultivation, heterotrophic cultivation utilizes organic compounds as both the energy source and carbon source (J. Wang et al., 2014). Heterotrophic algae cultivation particularly requires water, carbon and inorganic salts (Venkata Mohan et al., 2015). The advantages

July 1, 2018 March 26, 2019 January 1, 2019 August 1, 2017 August 1, 2017 August 1, 2019 August 1, 2017 August 1, 2017 August,12,019 August,12,017 August 1, 2017 August 1, 2019 October 26, 2017 October 26, 2017 October 26, 2017 October 26, 2017 October 26, 2017 October 26, 2017 October 1, 2018 October 26, 2017 October 1, 2018 October 26, 2017 October 1, 2018 October 26, 2017 October 1, 2018 October 26, 2017 October 1, 2018 October 26, 2017

October 1, 2018 October 1, 2015 October 1, 2015 March 25, 2019

March 26, 2019 January 1, 2010

of heterotrophic cultivation are that no light source is needed and organic carbon is used as carbon source, which overcomes the light limit of photoautotrophic cultivation (Liang, 2013). A study reported that heterotrophic cultivation resulted in a higher growth rate than photoautotrophic cultivation (Zheng et al., 2012). However, there are some limitations to heterotrophic cultivation as follows: (i) the high cost of organic carbon; (ii) the inability to apply heterotrophic cultivation to all microalgae; and (iii) a higher risk of contamination (Perez-Garcia

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J. Nie et al. / Science of the Total Environment 707 (2020) 136080

et al., 2011; Zhan et al., 2017). Microalg...