Birth TO Adulthood-Summarized and Paraphrased (Add PDF

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BIRTH TO ADULTHOOD Hyaline cartilage forms the first "long bones" in the developing baby, whereas the first "flat bones" of the skull are fibrous membranes. As the fetus develops and matures, all of the bone models are turned to bone. The skull has fibrous regions that have not yet been converted to bone at birth. Fontanels (fon′′tah-nelz′) are fibrous membranes that connect the skull bones. These "soft places" may sense the rhythm of the baby's pulse, hence justifies its name (fontanel = little fountain). The diamond-shaped anterior fontanel is the largest. The fontanels allow for a modest compression of the embryonic skull during birth. They also allow the infant's brain to grow during the latter portion of pregnancy and early childhood since they are flexible. If the cranial bones were joined by sutures, as they are in the adult skull, this would not be feasible. By the age of two, the fontanels have usually entirely ossified. The skeleton evolves throughout life; however the most significant alterations occur during childhood. The baby's cranium is enormous in comparison to its face during birth and into infancy. Because their heads are quite enormous in comparison to their body size, some young children resemble "bobble head" dolls. The growth of the brain is related to the rapid growing of the cranium before and after birth. By the age of two, the skull has grown to threequarters of its adult size, and by the age of eight or nine, the skull is nearly adult in size and proportion. The head appears to enlarge significantly between the ages of 6 and 11, as the face physically grows out of the skull. As the respiratory passageways enlarge and the permanent teeth emerge, the jaws get larger and the cheekbones and nose become more pronounced. The skeleton grows during

 first “long bones” – hyaline cartilage  first “flat bones” – fibrous membranes  fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones – fontanels = little fountain  largest fontanel – diamondshaped anterior fontanel  fontanels usually fully ossify by 2 years of age  most significant skeletal alterations occur during childhood  “bobble head” dolls - their heads are quite enormous in comparison to their body size  2 years old - the skull has grown to three-quarters of its adult size  8-9 years old - the skull is nearly adult in size and proportion  6-11 years old - the head appears to enlarge significantly  The skeleton grows during childhood, changing not only total body height and size and moreover body proportions  The head and trunk are proportionately much longer than the lower limbs when they are born.  From this point on, the lower limbs grow faster than the trunk, and by the age of 10, the head and trunk are roughly the same height  The female pelvis broadens in preparation for childbirth  The male skeleton grows more robust during puberty  The epiphyseal plates of long bones have fully ossified by the end of puberty  Long-bone growth ceases.  A healthy skeleton does not change much after reaching adult height until late middle age  Bone mass reduction is visible as

childhood, changing not only total body height and size and moreover body proportions. The head and trunk are proportionately much longer than the

people get older...