Blood and Lymphatic System Reviewer PDF

Preview

Summary

BLOODTheonlyfluidtissueinthe humanbody -straw-coloredtransparentfluid -classifiedasaconnective tissuePHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOODCOLOR RANGEOxygen-richblood:scarlet red Oxygen-poorbloodi:dull redpHmustremainbetween7–7.Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperatureLivingcells=formed eleme...

Description

blood&lymphatic.system.midterms.reviewer.2019_aremti202x

BLOOD The only fluid tissue in the human body -straw-colored transparent fluid -classified as a connective tissue PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD COLOR RANGE Oxygen-rich blood: scarlet red Oxygen-poor blood i: dull red pH must remain between 7.35–7.45 Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature Living cells = formed elements 45% Non-living matrix = plasma 55%

PLASMA -coagulated/ clotted blood Water: 90-92% Dissolved substances:

-required by all body cells to provide energy, heat materials for repair and replacement -synthesis of other blood components 4. ORGANIC WASTE PRODUCTS waste products of protein metabolism: -urea -uric acid -creatinine 5. HORMONES -chemical compounds synthesized by the endocrine glands -from cells to glands to the blood to their target tissue or organ 6. ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLOBULINS) -protective protein molecules -produced by lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes -foreign materials acts as antigens to produce antibodies 7. GASES -oxygen (combination w/ hemoglobin in RBC) -carbon dioxide -nitrogen

PLASMA PROTEINS 1. ALBUMIN -formed in the liver -most abundant plasma protein -maintain the normal plasma osmotic pressure GLOBULIN -formed in the liver and lymphnoid tissue -immune response to the presence of antigen -transport of some hormones -inhibition of soem proteolyc enzymes CLOTTING FACTORS -coagulation of blood FIBRINOGEN -synthesized in the liver -coagulation of blood SERUM -plasma from which clotting factors have been removed -anti-coagulated blood/ unclotted blood 2. INORGANIC SALTS (MINERAL SALTS) -invloved in variety of cell activities Normal blood: Alightly alkaline with a pH of 7.35-7.45 3. NUTRIENT MATERIALS -monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and vitamins

CELLULAR CONTENT OF BLOOD

  

ERYTHROCYTES =red blood cells LEUKOCYTES = white blood cells PLATELETS/ THROMBOCYTES = cell fragments

HEMATOPOIESIS -blood cell formation -ocurrs in red bone marrow -go through developmental stages before entering the blood

BLOOD CELLS -originate from stem cell: (HEMATOCYTOBLAST) Hemocytoblast differentiation: Lymphoid stem cell -produces lymphocytes Myeloid stem cell -produces other formed elements

ERYTHROCYTES (RBC) -The main function is to carry oxygen -Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes

blood&lymphatic.system.midterms.reviewer.2019_aremti202x

-Biconcave disks -Essentially bags of hemoglobin -Anucleate (no nucleus) -Contain very few organelles -Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1 -4-6 million 7 days: process of development 120 days: life span Hemolysis: breakdown

Rh BLOOD GROUPS -Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) -Most Americans are Rh+ -Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood BLOOD TYPING

-Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin) -Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood -Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

BLOOD SAMPLES -are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum Coagulation or no coagulation -leads to determining blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors -Done in the same manner

FORMATION OF HEMOGLOBIN HEMOGLOBIN -A complex protein containing Globin Heme :Iron-containing substance -Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen -combines with oxygen to form: OXYHEMOGLOBIN 4: oxygen building sites in each hemoglobin molecule 250 million: hemoglobin molecules in every erythrocyte BLOOD GROUPS -genetically determined differences in antigens on RBC membranes and antibodies in blood serum - contains genetically determined proteins -“typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination) -foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system

CROSS MATCHING -testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa LEUKOCYTES (WBC) -Crucial in the body’s defense against disease -complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles -Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) -Can move by amoeboid motion Can respond to chemicals released by damaged -tissues Normal levels: between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per millimeter ABNORMAL LEUKOCYTE LEVELS LEUKOCYTOSIS Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml Generally indicates an infection LEUKOPENIA Abnormally low leukocyte level Commonly caused by certain drugs

ABO and Rh blood group antigens -Cause of the most vigorous transfusion reactions TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES -Genetically determined antigens on red cell membranes and natural antibodies in serum ABO SYSTEM OF BLOOD GROUPS Based on the presence or absence of two antigens:  Type A  Type B TYPE O:lack of A&B Antigens TYPE A: presence of Type A antigen TYPE B: presence of Type B antigen TYPE AB: presence of bothA&B Antigens

GRANULOCYTES -Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained -Includes:  NEUTROPHILS -bacterial infection -protection against foreign material -Multilobed nucleus with fine granules -Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

blood&lymphatic.system.midterms.reviewer.2019_aremti202x

 EOSINOPHILS -protect body against invation by parasites -neutralize histamine -Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms  BASOPHILS -heparin (anticoagulant) -Have histamine-containing granules -Initiate inflammation AGRANULOCYTES -Lack visible cytoplasmic granules -Include:  LYMPHOCYTES -cell-mediated immunity -humoral immunity -Nucleus fills most of the cell Play an important role in the immune response

 MONOCYTES -originated in the bone marrow -develop into macrophages -Largest of the white blood cells -Important in fighting chronic infection PLATELETS

BLOOD DISORDERS  Anemia -not enough hemoglobin to carry sufficient oxygen from the lungs to supply the needs of the tissues Iron deficiency Anemia -most common form of anemia Hemolytic Anemia -occurs when RBC are destroyed while in circulation Leukemia -malignant proliferation of WVC precursors by the bone marrow DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF BLOOD Sites of blood cell formation -The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation Bone marrow -takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month Fetal hemoglobin -differs from hemoglobin produced after birth

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

-Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) -Needed for the clotting process Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3 HEMOSTASIS -Stoppage of blood flow -Result of a break in a blood vessel involves three phases: 1. 2. 3.

Platelet plug formation Vascular spasms Coagulation

BLEEDING DISORDERS  Thrombocytopenia -Platelet deficiency -below 150,000/mm3 -Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting  Hemophilia -Hereditary bleeding disorder Normal clotting factors are missing

Consists of:  Lymphatic vessels  Lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues  Spleen  Thymus gland Functions: 1. Transport fluids back to the blood 2. Play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease TWO MAJOR LYMPHATIC DUCTS 1. THORACIC DUCT -Begins at Cysterna chyli -about 40 cm -Opens into subclavian vein Function: Drains lymph from both legs, pelvic and abdominal cavities, left half of thorax, head, neck, and left arm 2. RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT - dilated lymph vessel -about 1 cm long Function: drains lymph from the right half of the thorax. Head and neck and the right arm

blood&lymphatic.system.midterms.reviewer.2019_aremti202x

LYMPH -Harmful materials that enter lymph vessels  Bacteria  Viruses  Cancer cells  Cell debris LYMPH NODES -Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood Defense cells within lymph nodes:  Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign substances  Lymphocytes – provide immune response to antigens OTHER LYMPHOID ORGANS  SPLEEN -Located on the left side of the abdomen -Largest lymphoid organ -Filters blood -Phagocytosis (destruction of old and abnormal blood cells and mcirobes) Development of Lymphocytes -immune reactions Erythropoiesis -fetal blood cell production  THYMUS -Located in the upper part of the mediastinum -behind the sternum and upwards to the root of the neck -Functions at peak levels only during childhood -Produces hormones Thymosin: to program lymphocytes Lymphocytes mature and develop into activated T-lymphocytes  TONSILS -Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx -Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials Tonsillitis -caused by congestion with bacteria  PEYER’S PATCHES -Found in the wall of the small intestine -Resemble tonsils in structure -Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

REFERENCES:



Powerpoint Presentation of Dr. Valera



Lecture Guide and Laboratory Manual in Anatomy and Physiology 2nd Edition

NORMAN V. VALERA M.D. Department of Human Structural Biology FEU-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Regalado cor. Dahlia Sts., West Fairview, Q.C., Phil....