Lymphatic System & Immunity PDF

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Chapter 22: Lymphatic System and Immunity Multiple Choice 1. The lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in that A) the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissues. B) the lymphatic vessels have their own "pump" to assist flow. C) lymph capillaries do not contain any fluid. D) lymph capillaries allow free movement of fluid in and out of the capillaries. E) lymph circulates fluids and cardiovascular does not. Answer: a Level: 1 2. Lymph capillaries are found in the A) epidermis. B) muscles. C) bone marrow. D) central nervous system. E) dermis. Answer: b Level: 1 3. Structurally, lymph vessels are most similar to A) veins. B) arteries. C) arterioles. D) capillaries. E) venules. Answer: a Level: 1 4. Lymph movement is assisted by A) contraction of skeletal muscle. B) contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessel. C) pressure changes in the thorax during respiration. D) compression of lymphatic vessels. E) all of the above Answer: e Level: 1 5. A woman has her right breast and right axillary lymph nodes removed. Which of the following might occur? A) Cisterna chyli flow increases. B) The thoracic duct would be severed. C) Right lymphatic duct drainage decreases causing edema in the right arm. D) Lymph drainage would be affected in her left arm. E) Lymph drainage would be affected in both legs. Answer: c Level: 2 6. A)

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the abdomen.

B) thorax. C) right arm and right side of head. D) right leg. E) left arm and left side of head. Answer: c Level: 1 7. The thoracic duct drains lymph into the A) left subclavian vein. B) right subclavian vein. C) right internal jugular vein. D) left brachiocephalic vein. E) left subclavian artery. Answer: a Level: 1 8. The lymphatic system is involved in A) fat absorption from the digestive tract. B) transporting lymph from the intestines to the liver. C) maintenance of pH in the tissues. D) production of erythrocytes. E) protein metabolism. Answer: a Level: 1 9. The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by A) adding lymph to GI tract secretions. B) returning interstitial fluid to the plasma. C) transporting lymph from tissues to the liver. D) carrying excess fluid to the kidneys to be excreted. E) actively absorbing fluid from the blood. Answer: b Level: 1 10. Lacteals are A) a type of lymphocyte. B) a nonspecific defense. C) lymphatic vessels in the lining of the small intestine. D) the sinuses inside a lymph node. E) germinal centers. Answer: c Level: 1 11. Which of the following organs does not contain lymphatic tissue? A) liver B) spleen C) lingual tonsils D) thymus E) pharyngeal tonsils. Answer: a Level: 1

12. Lymphatic tissue contains an interlaced network of reticular fibers that functions to A) produce lymphocytes. B) produce capsules around lymph nodes. C) attack microorganisms. D) line the walls of lymphatic vessels. E) trap microorganisms. Answer: e Level: 1 13. Lymph nodules are A) small, bean-shaped structures. B) the site of erythrocyte production. C) located in the loose connective tissue of the digestive system. D) composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. E) connected together in a series. Answer: c Level: 1 14. Adenoids are enlarged A) lingual tonsils. B) pharyngeal tonsils. C) palatine tonsils. D) cervical lymph nodes. E) axillary lymph nodes. Answer: b Level: 1 15. Tonsils A) increase in size in adults. B) are located in both the oral and abdominal cavities. C) provide protection against bacteria. D) contain red pulp and white pulp. E) are not functional in children. Answer: c Level: 1 16. The palatine tonsils A) interfere with breathing when enlarged. B) are located at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx. C) are located superior to the palate. D) are really lymph nodes in disguise. E) are located in the nasopharynx. Answer: b Level: 1 17. Bean-shaped lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels are called A) lymph nodes. B) medullary cords. C) cisterna chyli. D) trabeculae. E) lymph nodules. Answer: a

Level: 1 18. Lymph nodes are surrounded by a dense connective tissue A) cortex. B) capsule. C) reticulum. D) trabeculum. E) basement membrane. Answer: b Level: 1 19. Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by _____ in the sinuses of lymph nodes. A) trabecular cells B) germinal cells C) phagocytic cells D) lymphocytes E) plasma cells Answer: c Level: 1 20. Germinal centers are the sites of A) increased blood flow to the lymph nodes. B) fluid production. C) increased flow of lymph from infected tissues. D) entrance of lymph into lymph nodes. E) proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes. Answer: e Level: 1 21. Lymph exits a lymph node via the A) efferent lymphatic vessels. B) afferent lymphatic vessels. C) cortical sinuses. D) trabeculae. E) lymphatic duct. Answer: a Level: 1 22. The spleen A) filters damaged red blood cells from the blood. B) changes undifferentiated lymphocytes into competent lymphocytes. C) is necessary for life. It can't be removed without causing death. D) produces several different hormones with unknown function. E) has addition digestive functions. Answer: a Level: 1 23. A) B) C) D)

Which of the following statements concerning the spleen is true? Splenic arteries enter the organ at the periarterial sheath. The spleen can act as a blood reservoir. The white pulp is associated with the venous supply. The red pulp has trabeculae.

E) Humans can not survive without a spleen. Answer: b Level: 1 24. Which of the following statements accurately describes the thymus gland? A) The thymus gland lacks a capsule. B) The thymus gland contains many reticular fibers. C) The thymus gland is larger in infants than in adults. D) Lymphocytes are found only in the medulla of the thymus gland. E) The thymus increases in size with aging. Answer: c Level: 1 25. The structure in the thymus that prevents foreign substances from entering the thymus is the A) thymic corpuscle barrier. B) blood-thymic barrier. C) surface membrane barrier. D) capsular barrier. E) thymic filter. Answer: b Level: 1 26. In innate immunity A) each exposure is very specific. B) previous exposures are remembered. C) each exposure produces the same response. D) each exposure increases the strength of the immune response. E) the second exposure does not produce a response. Answer: c Level: 1 27. Which of the following would be classified as an innate mechanical mechanism? A) activation of complement B) phagocytosis of invading organisms C) washing action of tears and saliva D) inflammation E) release of histamine Answer: c Level: 1 28. Complement proteins A) can form holes in the plasma membrane of target cells. B) are on the surface of macrophages. C) are hormones found in the blood D) may cause the release of interferon. E) do not attract neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils Answer: a Level: 1 29. A) B)

Which of the following most accurately describes how foreign substances can activate complement? antibodies can bind to foreign antigens and activate complement through the classical pathway foreign substances can bind to spontaneously activated C3 and stabilize it

C) foreign proteins bind to C1 and activate it D) foreign proteins are phagocytized by macrophages and directly activate complement E) A and B Answer: e Level: 2 30. A surface chemical that prevents microbial growth is A) histamine. B) leukotriene. C) sebum. D) kinin. E) interferon. Answer: c Level: 1 31. A protein that helps to protect the body against viral infections is A) complement. B) interferon. C) lysozyme. D) histamine. E) kinin. Answer: b Level: 1 32. Interferon A) directly attacks viruses. B) protects cells that have been invaded by viruses. C) increases vascular permeability. D) is not produced by most cells. E) is a protein that interferes with virus production and infection. Answer: e Level: 1 33. Interferon production is stimulated by A) a viral infection. B) the complement cascade. C) antigen-presenting cells. D) degranulation of basophils. E) inflammation. Answer: a Level: 1 34. The movement of leukocytes to the source of certain chemicals is called A) chemotaxis. B) echolocation. C) chemoreception. D) phagocytosis. E) hemolysis. Answer: a Level: 1 35.

Which of the following statements concerning neutrophils and macrophages is false?

A) They both exhibit chemotaxis. B) They both move by ameboid motion. C) Both are capable of phagocytosis. D) Both release histamine when activated. E) Both can squeeze between cells. Answer: d Level: 1 36. Macrophages A) are derived from basophils. B) reduce the inflammatory response. C) are responsible for most phagocytic activity in the late stages of an infection. D) produce cytokines that aid in the destruction of antigens. E) are the first at the site of infection. Answer: c Level: 2 37. Histamine and leukotrienes are released from A) basophils and mast cells. B) eosinophils and basophils. C) neutrophils and lymphocytes. D) macrophages and microphages. E) phagocytes. Answer: a Level: 1 38. In a patient experiencing an allergic reaction, which of the following immune cells will greatly increase in number? A) mast cells B) eosinophils C) monocytes D) neutrophils E) basophils. Answer: b Level: 2 39. Which of the following is usually the first cell type to leave the blood and enter infected tissues? A) eosinophil B) lymphocyte C) monocyte D) natural killer cell E) neutrophil Answer: e Level: 2 40. Natural Killer (NK) cells A) are part of innate immunity. B) are a type of plasma cell. C) secrete enzymes that kill parasites. D) are derived from B cells. E) promote inflammation. Answer: a

Level: 1 41. The inflammatory response A) prevents the spread of an infection. B) stimulates erythrocytes to leave the blood. C) delays healing of damaged tissues. D) depresses immunity. E) is harmful and should be immediately reversed. Answer: a Level: 2 42. The redness and heat seen in an inflamed area are the result of A) vasoconstriction. B) increased blood flow to the area. C) phagocyte mobilization. D) production of interferon. E) a reddish substance released by erythrocytes. Answer: b Level: 2 43. During the inflammatory response, A) vasoconstriction occurs. B) chemical mediators are released. C) vascular permeability is decreased. D) neutrophil production is depressed. E) blood flow is reduced. Answer: b Level: 1 44. In systemic inflammation, pyrogens A) increase phagocytosis. B) decrease vasodilation. C) increase neutrophil production. D) stimulate fever production. E) are chemotaxic factors. Answer: d Level: 1 45. Circulatory changes that occur in inflammation include A) increased viscosity of the blood. B) decreased vascular permeability. C) migration of white blood cells to the site of injury. D) decreased blood flow to the area. E) vasoconstriction. Answer: c Level: 1 46. A) B) C) D)

Adaptive immunity is stimulated by antigens. histamines. antibodies. complement.

E) plasma proteins. Answer: a Level: 1 47. Which of the following characteristics are most consistent with adaptive immunity? A) constant response to each exposure B) specificity C) memory D) increased response to second and subsequent exposures E) B, C, D Answer: e Level: 2 48. Transplanted tissues and organs that contain _________ _________ are rejected by the body. A) self antigens B) foreign antigens C) foreign antibodies D) auto antigens E) plasma proteins Answer: b Level: 1 49. ____ are part of cell-mediated immunity while ____ are part of antibody-mediated immunity. A) B cells, NK cells B) Antibodies, antigens C) T cells, B cells D) Macrophages, antibodies E) Neutrophils, monocytes Answer: c Level: 1 50. ______ determines which B-cell is cloned in an antibody-mediated response. A) The antibody B) The antigen C) A macrophage D) Complement E) A neutrophil Answer: b Level: 1 51. Which of the following is a subpopulation of T cells? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) cytokinetic D) basophilic E) antitoxic Answer: a Level: 1 52. T cells are divided into two primary groups, effector and regulatory. Which of the following are regulatory T cells? A) helper T cells

B) cytotoxic T cells C) chemotaxic T cells D) delayed hypersensitivity T cells E) assistant T cells Answer: a Level: 1 53. The effects of cell-mediated immunity are the result of activities of A) B cells. B) cytotoxic T cells. C) macrophages. D) dendritic cells. E) helper T cells. Answer: b Level: 1 54. The thymus is where ____ mature and become functional immune cells. A) pre-T cells B) pre-B cells C) macrophages D) null cells E) C cells. Answer: a Level: 1 55. The process of eliminating those lymphocytes that react or respond against self-antigens is called A) phagocytosis. B) inflammation. C) negative selection. D) activation of complement. E) natural selection. Answer: c Level: 1 56. Positive selection of lymphocytes refers to the A) processing of an antigen by a macrophage. B) proliferation of natural killer cells. C) production of antigen-specific antibodies. D) survival of pre-B and pre-T cells that are capable of an immune response. E) replication of memory cells. Answer: d Level: 1 57. The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class I molecules A) are only found on B cells. B) are found in the nucleus of cells. C) allow the immune system to respond to antigens inside cells. D) are lipoproteins on cell surfaces. E) do not attach to plasma membranes. Answer: c Level: 1

58. Different T-cell receptors can respond to different antigens because of different A) variable regions in the structure of the receptors. B) epitopes in the receptor's structure. C) selection processes. D) complement binding sites in the receptors. E) antigenic determinants. Answer: a Level: 1 59. Lymphocyte activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases A) lymphocytes must recognize an antigen. B) helper T cells are activated first and they then stimulate other cells. C) antigen-presenting cells process the antigen and present it to the lymphocytes. D) cytokines released by the antigen stimulate the lymphocyte response. E) antigens must be able to recognize the lymphocytes. Answer: a Level: 1 60. The MHC class I antigen complex displays a foreign antigen on the cell surface. This prompts the immune system to destroy A) B cell clones. B) extracellular antigens. C) the displaying cell. D) mature red blood cells. E) the virus inside the cell, but not the cell. Answer: c Level: 2 61. MHC class II molecules are found on A) neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. B) dendritic cells, B cells, and helper T cells. C) monocytes, helper T cells, and neutrophils. D) B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. E) B cells, C cells, D cells Answer: d Level: 1 62. Cells that process antigen and present these antigens to other immune cells are called A) plasma cells. B) antigen-presenting cells. C) B receptor cells. D) T suppressor cells. E) antibodies. Answer: b Level: 1 63. Frequently, several different signals or molecules are needed in order to produce an immune response by a B cell or T cell. The second signal in this process is called A) opsonization. B) copresentation. C) complement activation. D) antigen processing.

E) costimulation. Answer: e Level: 1 64. Which of the following cytokines is mismatched? A) perforin - makes a hole in target cell membranes B) alpha interferon - prevents viral replication C) lymphotoxin - costimulator of T cells D) interleukin 4 - plays a role in allergic reactions E) TNF – activates macrophages and promotes fever Answer: c Level: 1 65. T helper cells possess a glycoprotein called CD4. This molecule binds to A) MHC class I molecules. B) MHC class II molecules. C) MHC-CD8 antigens. D) MHC-CD28 antigens. E) Interleukin-1 receptor. Answer: b Level: 2 66. Which of the following might occur after a helper T cell is presented with a processed antigen and costimulated? A) Helper T cells destroy the presenting cell. B) Helper T cells produce antibodies. C) Helper T cells release interleukins that stimulate B cells to clone. D) Helper T cells stop division. E) Helper T cells lyse. Answer: c Level: 2 67. Lymphocyte proliferation begins by increasing the number of A) macrophages. B) B cells. C) T suppressor cells. D) helper T cells. E) cytotoxic T cells. Answer: d Level: 1 68. Once cytotoxic T cells are produced, which of the following is (are) consistent with their ability to attack intracellular viruses? A) most nucleated cells process antigens through the MHC class I mechanisms B) viral antigens are processed by the MHC class I mechanism and are presented to the cell surface C) cytotoxic T cells bind to MHC class I processed antigens D) cytotoxic T cells bound to the MHC class I processed antigens release lymphokines E) all of the above Answer: e Level: 3 69.

Tolerance is a state of

A) hypersensitivity. B) transplant rejection. C) unresponsiveness to antigens. D) responding to self-antigens. E) non recognition of antigens. Answer: c Level: 1 70. Tolerance to antigens is induced by A) blocking costimulation. B) stimulating interleukin 2 production. C) preventing suppressor T cell proliferation. D) promoting the release of cytokines. E) stimulating helper T cell division. Answer: a Level: 1 71. Antibodies are produced by A) T effector cells stimulated by T helper cells. B) T helper cells stimulated by various cytokines. C) B cells that differentiate to form plasma cells. D) natural killer cells as they lyse cancer cells. E) the red bone marrow. Answer: c Level: 1 72. Antibodies A) play a large role in cell-mediated immunity. B) are produced by both T and B cells. C) are composed of four light and four heavy polypeptide chains. D) are not specific, but act generally. E) have a variable region that binds to a specific antigenic determinant. Answer: e Level: 1 73. The immunoglobulin that is often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen is A) IgD. B) IgA. C) IgM. D) IgE. E) IgB. Answer: c Level: 1 74. Antibodies A) activate antigens. B) may initiate inflammation and enhance phagocytosis. C) are proteins produced by T helper cells. D) are needed for costimulation. E) have memory. Answer: b Level: 1

75. Which of the following is correctly matched? A) IgA – found in saliva and tears B) IgD – can cross the placenta C) IgG – first to challenge the antigen D) IgM – smallest of the antibodies E) IgE – transfusion reactions Answer: a Level: 1 76. Antibodies secreted in breast milk A) are IgG antibodies. B) are IgA antibodies. C) provide natural active adaptive immunity. D) include the cytokine interleukin 2. E) promote inflammation. Answer: b Level: 1 77. As a result of opsonization A) holes are produced in target cell membranes. B) organ transplant rejection occurs. C) antigens are more susceptible to phagocytosis. D) antigens clump together. E) inflammation, chemotaxis, and lysis occur. Answer: c Level: 1 78. B-cells A) are a subset of T cells. B) when activated become plasma cells and produce antibodies. C) are responsible for forming all the body's memory cells. D) suppress the activity of T cells. E) mature in the thymus. Answer: b Level: 1 79. Several days after an initial contact with an antigen, antibody titer increases. This is a A) primer response. B) primary response. C) precipitating response. D) principle response. E) cascade response. Answer: b Level: 1 80. A) B) C) D) E)

The secondary or memory response occurs after the primary response has activated null cells. provides better protection than the primary response. is less effective in antibody production. produces different antibodies than those produced in the primary immune response. does not protect the body after the first exposure.

Answer: b Level: 1 81. The type of cell responsible for the secondary response is a A) mast cell. B) macrophage. C) memory cell. D) red blood cell. E) monocyte. Answer: c Level: 1 82. In the cell-mediated immune response, T cells secrete ____, which activate additional components of the immune system. A) antibodies B) complement C) collagen D) cytokines E) histamine Answer: d Level: 1 83. Which is the proper order of events in cell-mediated immunity? 1. cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells 2. antigen presented to T ...