Blueprint for change Dharavi PDF

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Executive Summary Phulana (‘flourish’)

In 2010, the access to clean water and sanitation was acknowledged by the United Nations as a human right (UN 2010). According to World Vision, 1 in 10 lack access to a clean water source, 673 million defecate in the open and 2 billion have no access to adequate sanitation. In 2015, the UN developed 17 ‘sustainable development goals’ to combat world issues, mostly affecting disadvantaged individuals worldwide (UN n.d.). SDG 6, the goal to “ensure access to water and sanitation for all”, is critical in contemporary society due to the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, of which transmission is reduced by hand washing and access to sanitary products such as soap, sanitiser, and masks (W.H.O 2020). As a wicked problem, the lack of access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is interconnected with complex root causes and leads to severe implications that must be addressed in order to improve the livelihoods, health and wellbeing of individuals and communities worldwide. SDG 6 targets the availability, sustainable management and access to water and sanitation, which applies to the Indian occupants of Dharavi, the biggest slum in South-East Asia. With a high population density (354167/km2) (Eeshanpriya 2020); low education rates, food shortages and waste, and misdirection of funds exacerbate the poverty cycle and cause occupants to experience significant disadvantage. 60% of Dharavi relies on shared water sources with 78% of WASH facilities being community toilets, identifying an immediate need for access to water, health and sanitation (Dasgupta et. al., 2020). Already in crisis, the effects were exacerbated when the slums in Maharashtra including Dharavi, struggled with Coronavirus outbreaks and in May of 2020, accounted for over a third of all cases in India. This report, written by Team 2A, focuses on the immediate need for social innovation for the WASH crisis in India’s Dharavi slum. The change process occurs in the following four stages: 1) Systems Thinking: 2) Blueprint for Change: 3) Utilising System Tools: 4) Strategies, Collaborations & Measuring Impact: Our organisation, named Phulana (‘flourish’ in Hindi), is aimed at the disadvantaged occupants of Dharavi, who experience extreme poverty. Our organisation aims to create a platform where individuals worldwide can donate directly to Dharavi and fund various activities such as menstruation awareness workshops, job training and social media campaigns.

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Donations range from amenities such as hand hygiene and female sanitary products – to larger items such as portable bathrooms and water wells. We seek to create transparency surrounding charities while involving local and worldwide communities without the fear of fraud and corruption that is culturally ingrained within relief projects and not-for-profit charities (Dawn 2011). We seek to create both first and second-order change for our target population, individuals within India’s Dharavi slum, by cross-sectoral collaboration that focuses on the following SMART goals: 1. The establishment of a NFP in Australia and India committed to providing every individual within Dharavi access to a clean water source by 2030 2. To ensure that every woman within Dharavi has access to essential sanitary/menstruating products every week 3. To reduce job instability within the slum communities by providing employment through the creation of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) hubs

The following report will outline the process of developing strategies and tactics we are proposing to WaterAid India with the aim of using their trust and expertise to collaborate and begin the important work of tackling the need for clean WASH in India’s Dharavi slum. Executive Summary Reference List: Dasgupta, S., Mukherjee, A., & Agarwal, N. 2020, ‘Hand washing to stop coronavirus — 78% of toilets in Mumbai slums lack reliable water supply’, The Print, India, [online] viewed 27 July 2021

DAWN, 2011, ‘Fraud and corruption fears at Indian ‘charities’, DAWN, [online] viewed 29 July 2021

Desai, D., 2020, ‘Poor sanitation in Mumbai’s slums is compounding the Covid19 threat’, Observer Research Foundation, Mumbai, [online] viewed 28 July 2021 Eeshanpriya, M. S., 2020, ‘Inside Dharavi: India’s largest slum and a major Covid hotspot’, Hindustan Times, Mumbai, [online] viewed 27 July 2021 https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/insidedharavi-india-s-largest-slum-and-a-major-covid-hotspot/story-ZbX5VOngcJImsK9F4ohBvM.html United Nations, 2014, ‘The human right to water and sanitation’ [online] viewed 27 July 2021

United Nations, 2021, ‘Goal 6: ensure access to water and sanitation for all’ [online] viewed 26th July 2021 World Health Organisation, 2020, ‘Hand Hygiene Day’ [online] viewed 27 July 2021

World Vision, 2021, ‘Global water crisis: Facts, FAQs, and how to help’ [online] viewed 28 July 2021

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Table of Contents Introduction

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Vision Statement

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Statement of Chosen Root Cause

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SDG

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SDG Target / indicators

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Sub population

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Sub region

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Program Logic Statement

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SMART goals and outcomes

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Goal one

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Goal two

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Goal three

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Reference List

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Introduction Step 2 of the Change Process is the blueprint for change, which investigates the root causes, sustainable development goal (SDG) and develops a vision with goals directed towards the target population. This report focuses on the disadvantaged occupants of Dharavi, Asia’s biggest slum, and the struggle they face with the lack of access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). In an effort to create first and second-order change within the lifestyles of these individuals, three SMART goals have been researched and developed with the intention of creating not only short term, but medium- and long-term changes.

Phulana – Our Vision The shared vision within the change process and Phulana organisation is to ensure the access to water and sanitation to all men, women and children within Dharavi and attempt to lift them to a level of equality to the more privileged population so that they can be healthy, undertake proper hygiene and gain their basic human right of having access to a clean water resource and adequate bathroom facilities. While a solution to simply build more community toilets may seem simple, the issue is complex and wicked, mainly due to the sheer size of the population within Dharavi. Previous communal facilities have been built; however, a lack of upkeep and repairs has often resulted in rundown and unsafe structures. This program aims to collaborate with not-for-profit organisations and create a donation platform similar to the Share the Meal app (UNWFP n.d.) to fulfill the sustainable development goal of providing the availability, sustainable management and access to water and sanitation for all Dharavi occupants.

Statement of the chosen root cause A wicked problem is a social issue that is difficult or impossible to solve for many reasons and has no template to follow according to Rittel’s 10 characteristics (Kolko 2012) however, we can use history as a guide. While there are many root causes to this wicked problem, one of the fundamental reasons is the lack of access to water, sanitation, and hygiene in India’s Dharavi slum. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Goal 6 aims to provide clean water and sanitation for all disadvantaged communities by 2030, while ensuring its’ availability and its’ sustainable management.

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Indicators  1 in 10 lack access to a clean water source, 673 million defecate out in the open and 2 billion have no access to adequate sanitation (World Vision) 

In May of 2020, Maharashta accounted for over one third of India’s Covid-19 cases

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60% of Dharavi relies on shared water sources and 78% of WASH facilities are community toilets (Dasgupta et. al. 2020)

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Water samples collected in 2008 and 2011, with 50% of water being contaminated with impurities, 43% revealing the presence of E. coli and 76% showing coliform bacteria (Subbaraman et. al 2013)

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Contaminated drinking water sources lead to waterborne illnesses, with 61.4% people within the slums having diarrhoeal diseases, with higher chances of mortality within children under the age of five (Patel et. al 2013)

Subpopulation This issue affects all men, women and children occupying Dharavi, which along with other slums, comprise of a population of over 9 million which is 41.3% of Greater Mumbai’s overall population. Dharavi has a high population density of 354167/km2 (Eeshanpriya 2020), which means that a high number of inhabitants occupy a small amount of land. Sub-region Dharavi is a locality within Mumbai, Maharashta, a state within India. It is not only the largest slum in India, but within Asia itself.

Program Logic Statement The key issue that the program addresses is the lack of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in India’s Dharavi slum. The program is specifically directed to the occupants of the slum, who are disadvantaged and experience extreme poverty. Our organisation aims to create a platform that improves the access to water and sanitation through funding various activities such as menstruation awareness workshops, training opportunities and worldwide campaigns.

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SMART Goals In order to plan successful and logical solutions, three Smart, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Timely (SMART) goals have been analysed and created. These goals aim to work with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 to provide the disadvantaged occupants of Dharavi with clean water, sanitary products, and hygiene facilities. These goals aim to create both first and second-order change and follow the vision statement while describing the intended short-, medium- and long-term outcomes that accompany each goal. Goal one: To establish a NFP organisation in Australia and India committed to providing every individual within Dharavi access to a clean water source by 2030 With one in 10 people worldwide lacking access to a clean water source, our help is essential to those in Dharavi. We plan to establish our not-for-profit organisation in both Australia and India and work with the UN’s SDGs to fulfill SDG 6 within Dharavi. The short-term outcome of this goal will be to have relevant research data from Dharavi and its surrounding slums. We will evaluate statistics, census data, and other indicators, however the research may be unreliable due to the sheer size of the population and inaccuracies due to it being impossible to keep track of the 1 million occupants of Dharavi. Slums are usually omitted from data as most sampling techniques are “unable to distinguish between slum and non-slum clusters in urban areas” (Beguy 2018). The medium-term outcomes of goal one are to have a successful social media campaign that promotes awareness and informs the public of the struggle the Dharavi are subject to. Social media is one of the most popular and effective forms of spreading information in modern society, so utilising its’ assistance will be beneficial in establishing our platform that will help people donate directly to Dharavi. We aim to have popular profiles on each platform to engage with worldwide communities, however this method runs the risk of not reaching enough audiences with the ability to donate as social media is primarily used by younger audiences and being subject to false data from bot accounts when trying to measure analytics. The intended long-term outcome of this goal is to have enough funds to direct towards the Dharavi slum and establishing the trust of the community by collaborating with local authorities and leaders to ensure that no occupant of the slum needs to pay towards amenities they rightfully deserve. This outcome is the most important as the stability of our whole organisation depends on it, however things may go wrong if local authorities demand bribes or Phulana is wrongly labelled as untrustworthy.

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Goal two: To ensure that every woman within Dharavi has access to essential sanitary/menstruating products every week Having the access to adequate female hygiene is a privilege in first-world countries, unlike underprivileged individuals like the women within Dharavi, who struggle to manage their resources during their menstruation periods. UNICEF defines menstrual hygiene management as “women using clean menstrual management materials to absorb blood that can be changed in privacy as often as necessary for the duration of the period, using soap and water for washing the body as required and having access to facilities to dispose of such materials” (UNICEF n.d.). Short term outcomes of this goal would be to have an established campaign that spreads awareness to worldwide communities to donate towards ensuring access to menstrual hygiene materials towards women of Dharavi. Medium-term outcomes would show our organisation partnering with other NGOs in India to develop a program that provides access to sanitary products to women in Dharavi to ensuring that they are using and disposing of their materials safely through the use of distribution points. A consequence for this may be that menstruating individuals may feel shame due to the cultural sensitivity surrounding menstruation and avoid the distribution points, resorting to homemade solutions or reusing materials. Our long-term outcome is to have female hygiene education workshops that aim to reducing that cultural sensitivity around menstruation, as many “adolescent girls face stigma, harassment and social exclusion during menstruation” (UNICEF n.d.). These workshops will be beneficial to slum communities, however the risk of individuals withdrawing from the program is present due to possibly family or cultural pressure. Goal three: To reduce job instability within the slum communities by providing employment through the creation of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) hubs. Our organisation aims to go above the goals of just building more communal bathrooms, to building a water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) hub that is long lasting and sustainable. Most previously built communal bathrooms are rundown and unclean due to their lack of repairs, however we aim to employ occupants of the slum to keep it running. Short term outcomes of this goal would be to have research data on why previous WASH facilities have not sustained so that we can improve on that and make our facilities long lasting. Medium term outcomes of this goal would be to start training individuals from the slum to having job opportunities regarding the WASH facilities, such as plumbing, security or

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construction training. Community leaders may also become sponsors for certain individuals and train them for jobs unrelated hygiene facilities. This outcome however may cause dismay within the communities as there are certain limits to job and training opportunities due to limited funds. Our intended long-term outcome of goal three is to continue the workshops and oversee the long-term development of the WASH facilities, with occupants of Dharavi keeping the facilities safe, healthy, and clean.

Reference List Beguy D, 2018, “Making people in slums count”, UN Habitat [online] viewed 1 August 2021

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Dasgupta, S., Mukherjee, A., & Agarwal, N. 2020, ‘Hand washing to stop coronavirus — 78% of toilets in Mumbai slums lack reliable water supply’, The Print, India, [online] viewed 27 July 2021 Eeshanpriya, M. S., 2020, ‘Inside Dharavi: India’s largest slum and a major Covid hotspot’, Hindustan Times, Mumbai, [online] viewed 27 July 2021 https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/inside-dharavi-india-s-largest-slum-and-amajor-covid-hotspot/story-ZbX5VOngcJImsK9F4ohBvM.html Kolko, J. 2012 ‘Wicked problems: Problems worth solving’, United States, [online] viewed 20 August 2021 < https://ssir.org/books/excerpts/entry/wicked_problems_problems_worth_solving> Patel RB, Stoklosa H, Shitole S, Shitole T, Sawant K, Nanarkar M, Subbaraman R, Ridpath A, Patil-Deshmuk A, 2013, ‘The high cost of diarrhoeal illness for urban slum households – a cost recovery approach”, BMJ Open [online] viewed 31 July 2021

Subbaraman R, Shitole S, Shitole T, Sawant K, O’Brien J, Bloom D E, Patil-Deshmukh A, 2013, ‘The Social ecology of water in a Mumbai slum: failures in water quality, quantity and reliability’, BMC Public Health [online] viewed 1 August 2021

Unicef, “Menstrual Hygiene” [online] viewed 1 August 2021

United Nations World Food Program, “Share the Meal” [online] viewed 20 July 2021

World Vision, 2021, ‘Global water crisis: Facts, FAQs, and how to help’ [online] viewed 28 July 2021

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