Body Systems Unit Test Study Guide PDF

Preview

Summary

study guide...

Description

Study Guide to Body Systems Unit Final Essential Question: What are the 10 Systems of the human body that will be covered in this unit?

Skeletal System Function/s:  gives structural support  protection  provides shape  stores minerals  produces red and white blood cells Parts:

Know: skull, clavicle, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, carpal, phalanges, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, fibula, tibia, femur, ulna, radius, elbow, humerus, scapula, mandible Interactions: Muscular System Muscles connect to your skeleton and they contract and move the skeleton along. Your skeletal system is made up of cartilage and calcified bone that work together. They help the process of movement happen in a smoother manner.

Circulatory System The calcified bones of your skeleton also work with the circulatory system. Marrow inside of your bones helps produce the cells inside of you blood. Both red blood cells and white blood cells are created in your bones. Health: Articles http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-health/MY01399 http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/living-with-osteoporosis-7/diet-nutrition

http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/bone_health.cfm

General Info: GENETIC VARIATION Sometimes your skeletal system and the tissues of your skeleton can have problems. Some genetic diseases cause individuals to grow excessive large and thick bones. Acromegaly is the term used to describe a condition that affects the pituitary gland and causes an excessive amount of growth hormone to be produced. Other diseases cause problems with bone formation and related connective tissues including collagen. These genetic diseases can cause bones to become brittle and break easily, while the collagen of the body does not have the strength of a healthy individual.

If everything is working correctly, bones are able to break and then heal. Even older people who break their bones can grow new bone and connective tissue that returns the bone to a usable state.

Muscular System Function/s:  produces movement  provides stabilization  generates heat  pumps lymph Parts: http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/worksheets/bones2.pdf The Three Different Types of Muscular Tissue Smooth - muscle you rarely control such as the muscle in digestive organs Cardiac - very specific tissue found in your heart Skeletal/Voluntary (striated muscle) - the muscle that helps you move and that you have control over Muscle is called the meatus. It is the meat you eat from cows, sheep, and includes the muscle in your biceps. Meat needs to connect to the bones so that you can move. Tendons connect your muscles to your bone at insertion points. Ligaments are batches of connective tissue that bind bones to each other. Muscles, tendons, and ligaments can be found working together in almost all of your joints. The Six Types of Joints

http://www.kbteachers.com/human-anatomy/bone-joints-printable.html Interactions: Nervous System Even though thinking is not always involved in moving, the neurons of the nervous system are connected to most of the cells in your muscular system. Digestive System You have smooth muscles that line your digestive system and help move food through your intestines. Circulatory System and Lymph System Smooth muscle also surrounds your circulatory system and lymph system. Those muscle tissues are spread throughout your body and are even involved in controlling the temperature of your body. Health: Keys to Maintaining Healthy Muscles: Endurance and Strength To maintain endurance, you should engage in activities that pump blood to the muscles, like walking. For strength, you need to lift weights, concentrating on muscles of the back, legs, and arms. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/13/health/13muscles.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonesjointsandmuscles.html General Info: Muscles called flexors force your joints to bend. Muscles called extensors cause your limbs to straighten. A bicep is a flexor and the triceps are extensors. Websites: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_muscular.html http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/muscles.html http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human- biology/muscle1.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-ozRNVhGVg

Integumentary System (skin)

Function/s:    

reduces water loss, contains receptors that respond to touch, regulates body temperature, and protects the inside of the body from damage.

Parts: Skin has three layers: 





The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.

Interactions: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_integument.html Immune System Your skin is one of the first defense mechanisms in your immune system. Your skin has tiny glands that secrete sweat and oil. Those glands are termed exocrine glands and are not like the glands of your endocrine system. While it may feel a bit slimy, those fluids decrease the pH on the surface of your skin and kill microorganisms. There are even enzymes in your sweat that can digest bacteria.

Circulatory System The integumentary system also works closely with the circulatory system and the surface capillaries through your body. Capillaries near the surface of the skin open when your body needs to cool off and close when you need to conserve heat. We can't leave out the important sense of touch. Your nervous system depends on neurons embedded in your skin to sense the outside world. Nervous System   

Receptors in skin send sensory information to the brain. The autonomic nervous system regulates peripheral blood flow and sweat glands. Nerves control muscles connected to hair follicles.

Health: http://health.discovery.com/videos/skin-care-tips/ Video http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/skin-care/SN00003 Article http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/acne/DS00169 Acne/Article http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/best-sunscreen/MY01350 Article General Info: The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 sq ft. The skin’s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin.

Melanocytes are located in the epidermis

Excretory System http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_excretory.html Function/s:  To rid the body of liquid waste (urine) Urine is the result of the excretory system balancing the amount of water and salts in your body. Parts: Your kidneys are the core organs involved in the excretory system.

Know: ureter, bladder, and urethra

Interaction/s: Circulatory System Blood that circulates through the body passes through one of the two kidneys. Urea, uric acid, and water are removed from the blood and most of the water is put back into the system. Endocrine System The endocrine system is the major controller of the excretory system. As levels of compounds and fluids are monitored, kidney function must be constantly altered to provide the best internal environment for your cells. If you drink too much water, hormones are released that allow for more urine production. If you are dehydrated, less urine will be produced. The kidneys are also tied to the endocrine system with the adrenal gland position on the top of each kidney. The adrenals release adrenaline into your body. Health: While there are many diseases of the excretory system, even more problems can be created by a malfunctioning set of kidneys. Blood pressure is closely tied to the amount of fluid in your body. If a kidney does not work and filter properly, blood pressure can increase to dangerous levels. If that weren't bad enough, urea would accumulate in your tissues and would slowly poison the cells of your body. People with malfunctioning kidneys often have to go through a process called dialysis where they are hooked up to a machine that filters their blood. The machine acts as an artificial kidney and tries to re-establish normal levels of ions and water in their bodies. Many people on dialysis are waiting for kidney transplants. Additional Websites: 15 Super Foods for Kidney Health http://yourkidneys.com/kidney-education/Diet-and-nutrition/15-super-foods-for-kidney-health/2924

Basic Principles of Good Kidney Health http://www.comprehensive-kidney-facts.com/kidneyhealth.html

Digestive System Function/s:  ______________________________________________  ______________________________________________  ______________________________________________  ______________________________________________ Once you put the food in your mouth, you start to chew and begin a process of _____________________________ that grinds food down into a pulp. Your body also starts to release enzymes that start the process of _______________________________________ and the breakdown of biological molecules. Most chemical digestion happens in the stomach. The food moves through your digestive system and is eventually broken down into compounds and nutrients that your ____________________ ________________________ into the blood stream. The material you ____________________ continues into the _____________________ where water is removed from the material and then whatever is left can be eliminated at your convenience. Parts:

Know: mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

Interaction/s: Circulatory System The digestive system works very closely with the circulatory system to get the ______________________________________________________ __________________________. The circulatory system also carries ___________________________ from your endocrine system that control the _____________________________________.

Excretory System The digestive system also works in parallel with your excretory system (______________________). While the digestive system __________ and ____________________ undigested solids, the excretory system ___________________ compounds from the blood stream and ______________ them in ________________. They are closely connected in _______________________________________ in your body.

Health: “10 Tips on Belching, Bloating, and Flatulence (farting)” http://patients.gi.org/topics/digestive-health-tips/

Everyday Health http://www.everydayhealth.com/digestive-health/index.aspx

Digestive System Function/s:  getting food into the body,  digesting the food  absorbing the nutrients needed  elimination of the materials not needed ( feces) Once you put the food in your mouth, you start to chew and begin a process of mechanical digestion that grinds food down into a pulp. Your body also starts to release enzymes that start the process of chemical digestion and the breakdown of biological molecules. Most chemical digestion happens in the stomach. The food moves through your digestive system and is eventually broken down into compounds and nutrients that your small intestine can absorb into the blood stream. The material you don't absorb continues into the large intestine where water is removed from the material and then whatever is left can be eliminated at your convenience. Parts:

Know: mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

Interaction/s: Circulatory System The digestive system works very closely with the circulatory system to get the absorbed nutrients distributed through your body. The circulatory system also carries chemical signals from your endocrine system that control the speed of digestion. Excretory System The digestive system also works in parallel with your excretory system (kidneys and urination). While the digestive system collects and removes undigested solids, the excretory system filters compounds from the blood stream and collects them in urine. They are closely connected in controlling the amount of water in your body.

Health: “10 Tips on Belching, Bloating, and Flatulence (farting)” http://patients.gi.org/topics/digestive-health-tips/

Everyday Health http://www.everydayhealth.com/digestive-health/index.aspx

Circulatory (cardiovascular) Function:  transportation system  carries chemicals to all points in your body  fluids also carry waste products and dissolved gases for your cells Parts:  

heart (four-chambers) the pump for the system vessels (intricate system of arteries and veins) As blood is pumped away from the heart, it passes through a system of arteries, arterioles, and then capillaries. The capillaries are the vessels that allow for most of the transfer of compounds and dissolved gases. Capillaries are very small and have thin walls to allow easier passage of compounds including nutrients, glucose, carbon dioxide, and waste products. After the capillaries, your blood passes through venules and veins. The veins lead the circulatory fluids

back to the heart. That's it! The system is complete (and closed). http://www.worldinvisible.com/apologet/humbody/heart.htm

Interaction: The circulatory system touches every organ and system in your body. The system is connected to all of your body's cells so that it can transport oxygen efficiently. When you breathe, the circulatory system carries oxygen to your cells and carries dissolved carbon dioxide back to the lungs. http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_circulatory.html Health: “Heart-healthy diet: 8 steps to prevent heart disease” http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-healthy-diet/NU00196 Heart Health Center http://www.webmd.com/heart/default.htm

Heart-Healthy Living (Better Homes and Gardens network site) http://www.hearthealthyonline.com/heart-disease-overview/index.html

Circulatory (cardiovascular) Function:  ________________________________________________  ________________________________________________  ________________________________________________ Parts:  

______________ (four-chambers) the ____________ for the system ______________ (intricate system of arteries and veins) As blood is pumped _______________ the heart, it passes through a system of _________________, ________________, and then _____________________. The _________________ are the vessels that allow for most of the ______________________________ and ___________________________. Capillaries are very _______________ and have ____________________ to allow easier passage of ___________________ including nutrients, ________________, ______________________, and _______________ products. After the capillaries, your blood passes through _________________ and __________________. The

__________________ the circulatory fluids _______________ to the heart. That's it! The system is complete (and closed).

Interaction:

The circulatory system touches ______________________ and ___________________ in your body. The system is connected to all of your body's _____________ so that it can _______________________ efficiently. When you ___________________, the circulatory system carries ____________________ to your ________________ and carries ___________________________________ back to the ____________.

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_circulatory.html Health: “Heart-healthy diet: 8 steps to prevent heart disease” http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-healthy-diet/NU00196 Heart Health Center http://www.webmd.com/heart/default.htm

Heart-Healthy Living (Better Homes and Gardens network site) http://www.hearthealthyonline.com/heart-disease-overview/index.html

Respiratory System http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_respiratory.html Function/s:  To bring oxygen into your body.  To get rid of carbon dioxide, one of the products of cellular Respiration You have two lungs and the exchange of gases between the circulatory and respiratory systems happens in the lungs.

Parts:

Know: lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, larynx, trachea

Interaction/s:

Circulatory System With gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2), other compounds can be brought into the body by the respiratory system. Smoke can clog the alveoli in your lungs. You can inhale viruses and bacteria that could get you sick. You can also take in larger chemical compounds that can poison your body. All of these compounds can enter your blood stream via your respiratory system. Digestive System Your mouth and pharynx are both used to swallow and to breathe. There is a branching point where you will find the epiglottis that directs food to your stomach and air to your lungs. Nervous System Your respiratory system even connects with the nervous system in your nose where you smell. Health: What can go wrong with your respiratory system? So many things can go wrong with this system. It is very vulnerable to both toxins and diseases. Some diseases such as pneumonia can cause your lungs to fill with fluid and you are no longer able to take in enough oxygen for your body. Smokers can have a build up of tar and clog the alveoli in the lungs and decrease the amount of oxygen your body can take in. An extreme disease called emphysema actually destroys the tissues in your lungs and the tissue can never be regenerated. Individuals that get emphysema are often forced to breathe pure oxygen to survive.

Nervous System Function: 

Major controlling, regulating, and communication center of actions and senses; known and unknown

Your body automatically senses and reacts to stimulus. Think about eating your lunch. As you eat, your nervous system triggers the start of digestion and release of many hormones and enzymes throughout your body. Parts: Your nervous system is divided into two parts. Your central nervous system includes your brain and your spinal cord.

Your peripheral nervous system is made up of the network of neurons that spans your organs, muscles, and body. The neurons in both systems work together to help you think, survive, and change the world around you.

The nervous system is made up of billions of neurons connected throughout your body. These neurons are connected end to end and transmit electrical impulses from one point to another. Two Types of neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs are called efferent neurons. Efferent=Act Neurons that receive sensory information and transmit to the central nervous system are called afferent neurons. Afferent=Receive Additional websites: http://www.umm.edu/neurosciences/overview.htm

Interaction: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/organ.html Muscular System In the same way that all of your cells need oxygen transported by the circulatory system, all of your tissues and organs require instruction and direction from the nervous system. There is obvious interaction between your muscles and your nervous system. That interaction helps you move around and interact with your environment. Endocrine System There are many hidden interactions going on within your body. Your endocrine system works closely with your brain and central nervous system to control the creation of specific hormones and enzymes. Digestive and Excretory Systems Your digestive and excretory systems work with the nervous system in both conscious and unconscious ways. While digestion goes on without your thoughts, eating, peeing, and pooping are under your control.

Health: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurologicdiseases.html

Neurologic diseases are disorders of the brain, spinal cord and nerves throughout your body. Together they control all the workings of the body. When something goes wrong with a part of your nervous system, you can have trouble moving, speaking, swallowing, breathing or learning. You can also have problems with your memory, senses or mood. There are more than 600 neurologic diseases. Major types i...