Buddha Final Exam Material PDF

Preview

Summary

Final Exam Review Notes...

Description

Buddha Final Exam Material syncretism - combining of different beliefs, while blending various schools of thought funerary practice - cremation is most common, monks preform last rites before casket is sealed stele - stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the ancient world as a monument. Grave steles were often used for funerary or commemorative purposes lost wax casting - take mold, pour wax into mold and pour out excess, hollow wax, mold is covered for details, put hollow glass tubes into piece to drain wax out, nails driven through core, refill with plaster, fire into film to melt wax, cast in bronze piece mold casting - create mold in pieces, shrinks in kiln, shave to liking, reassemble, flip upside down, pour in bronze, flashing: bronze seeps into cracks from pieces not completely polished together woodblock relief printing - oldest printed text, The wood block is carefully prepared as a relief pattern, which means the areas to show 'white' are cut away with a knife, chisel, or sandpaper leaving the characters or image to show in 'black' at the original surface level. The block was cut along the grain of the wood single vs multi block construction - multi is much faster and efficient what can be learned through analysis of materials and technologies - what the good was used for, who was using this good, etc. How did technological processes lead to developments in Buddhist practice? - lead to the increased spread of buddhism How did the needs of Buddhist practice shape advances in technology? - in buddhism you earn merit by spreading buddhism, people thought of faster ways to print texts so more people could learn about buddhism Brahmanism/Vedic Practice - oldest Indo-European religion with surviving bodies of text, believe in many gods (fire deity Agni), gave rise to rigid caste system Asceticism/Śramaṇa - "one who strives," wanderer, the 6th heretic masters Jātaka (definition and especially Dīpamkara jātaka) - scriptural accounts of the past lives of Buddha, Dīpamkara jātaka is a sitting Buddha usually with two other bodhisattvas The life cycle of the historical Buddha - Sidartha Gautama, appears as a 6 tusk elephant in queens dream, Buddha pops out queens arm as she reaches for flower, takes 7 steps and proclaims he is a deity, taken to prophet, he has all 32 marks, first meditation sees death and pain, Four encounters with old man, sick man, funeral, and wandering ascetic, sees suffering and knows there must be a way to escape pain, great departure starves himself to escape pain and becomes enlightened, meditation for 49 days, remembers all past lives, first sermon at Deer Park, ate something unclean and dies at 81, kings fight over his remains The Four Noble Truths - knowledge of suffering, origin of suffering, ending suffering, how to end suffering The Eightfold Path - right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right meditation Karma - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Sa ṃsāra - wandering, realms of rebirth nirvana - breaking free of suffering cycle Dāna - giving to generate merit, material goods, fearlessness, and teachings

Mauryan Empire/King Ashoka - emergence of first Buddha imagery, took relics and spread them around Stupa - a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine. relic - physical remains of deities/buddhas/bodhisattvas, have powers and transformative ability Kushan Empire - descended from Alexandrian Greeks, emergence of buddhist deities, mixed religions Gupta and Mathura - Buddha Shakyamuni, after the Kushan empire 32 Marks of the Great One - level feet, thousand spoked wheel sign on feet, long slender fingers, elongated ear lobes, toes and fingers webbed, dark hair, soft skin, lion shaped bod, forty teeth, blue eyes, Fleshy protuberance on the crown of the head Mudrā/āsana - seal, mark, sign, hand or arm gesture tied to specific events Buddha vs buddha - Big B Buddha is the OG Aniconic vs. iconic images - anionic is opposed to use of icons iconic vs. linear/sequential vs. hybrid narration - linear- follows story in order of events hybrid- switches from third person to first iconic- through the use of images The Three Vehicles (Triyana) - three kinds of teachings, voice-hearers, cause-awakened ones, bodhisattvas Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) Buddhism - new texts preached by Buddha, unselfish practice, only path to enlightenment is the bodhisattva path Expedient/Skillful Means (Upaya) - The methods adopted to instruct people and lead them to enlightenment. The concept of expedient means is highly regarded in Mahayana Buddhism, especially in the Lotus Sutra The Bodhisattva Path - vow to liberate all sentient beings before attaining their own liberation, only path to enlightenment in Mahayana's eyes Buddha-nature (Tathagatagarbha) - embryo of Buddha, lotus flower is a major symbol of this, all beings have the potential to be buddha Buddha-field/Pure-land - purified planes of existence for specific buddhas, attainable in one lifetime Bodhisattva Sound-Observer - changed from male to female, listen to all concerns, most popular Bodhisattva during Mahayana Buddhism, sometimes portrayed with 11 heads Lotus Sutra - One of the Mahayana sutras, ranked most important out of all the sutras, skillful means in which to make core teachings understandable Kumarajiva - A Buddhist scholar and a translator of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese, spread Mahayana Buddhism Cave-temples - they contain many murals depicting the events of Shakyamuni Buddha's life and the legends of his previous births. Mahayana vs Hinayana Buddhism - Mahayana Buddhists believe that The Buddha is a God but Hinayana Buddhists believe that The Buddha was an ordinary Human, Mahayana believes you should help others achieve enlightenment before yourself, Hinayana achieve it on your own The Buddhist Canon (Tripitaka) - three surviving editions, Pali, Chinese, Tibetan, not composed all at once or by Buddha, "three baskets," composed after Buddhas death to spread teachings of Buddhism sutra - basket of discourses, words of truth

Vinaya - basket of discipline, states everything prohibited by the Buddha Abhidharma - basket of further dharma, commentaries on the law Simile/Parable - third chapter of Lotus sutra, includes story of burning house with three kids and father, father lures kids out and a fancy carriage is awaiting them, father is the Buddha Reliquary - container for a holy relic King Ashoka Reliquary - spread Buddhas relics throughout India during his reign Sujati Jataka - tales from Buddhas past lives Bodily Devotion - giving up body parts to generate merit, ex cut off arm, pluck hair for embroidery Filial Piety - pay their debt to their parents by supporting and respecting them, produces good karma icon - symbols that are very important to Buddhism, ex. lotus flower, dharma wheel, bodhi tree Iconoclasm - the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons King Udayana Buddha - made the first image of the Buddha, tried to kill his wife and the arrow hit himself instead, she urged him to convert to Buddhism, he visited Buddha and converted and people convinced him to build an image of him "The Religion of Images" - Buddhism emphasized images and icons so much that it became known as this ritual - a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order, helps create sense of community, help discover deepest feelings, help people heal, journey to enlightenment Eye-opening ceremony - It is performed in the belief that the image can be endowed with spiritual properties, the image is believed to become equal to the living Buddha. Udayana Buddha - the first image of the Buddha made by King Udayana, bronze standing figure Performative Approach - learning through action, such as rituals Three Practices of Daily Monastic Life - live life focused on the study of the Buddhist doctrine, the practice of meditation, and the observance of good moral character. Circumambulation - is the act of moving around a sacred object or idol, integral part of Buddhism Repentance - An act of acknowledging one's faults, shortcomings, or past misdeeds, and seeking to correct or make amends for them, apologize to Buddha or monk Sanctuary/Prayer Hall (Chaitya) - where prayers take place, holy space Lecture Hall (Vihara) - sutras are read here, buddhist doctrines taught, and rituals preformed "Mindful Recollection of the Buddha" (Buddhānusm ti) ṛ - meditative discipline, the practice of calling to mind and concentrating on the qualities of a buddha, but in reality it embraces a wide range of contemplative objects and techniques Concentration (samādhi) - A state of intense concentration of mind, or meditation, said to produce inner serenity. The Twin Miracles at Shravasti - Flames of fire and streams of water also proceeded alternatively from the right side of the Buddhas body and from the left Taima Mandala - central image is the pure land, depicts the Amida Buddha surrounded by his worshippers that have reached enlightenment, buildings, and the land that exists in his Paradise

Esoteric Buddhism - Those Buddhist teachings that are conveyed secretly or implicitly and are held to be beyond the understanding of ordinary persons, three mysteries: mind, mouth, body Mudra, Mantra, Mandala - hand gesture, magical formula, ritual diagram Kūkai - The founder of the True Word school in Japan, known as a great teacher Diamond World Mandala - this mandala depicts the Diamond Realm that represents the wisdom of Mahāvairochana Buddha, placed at the center of the esoteric rituals of the True Word school Womb World Mandala - based on the Mahāvairochana Sutra, represents the fundamental principle of the universe, or the Dharma body of Mahāvairochana, perceived by this wisdom Wheel of Rebirth - -Human and animal section -blind man (in one of the 12 causal links/conditions) -life and death are a connected cycle -three poisons in middle, keep us on that track of suffering -positive and negative trajectory of birth -6 realms, human realm is positive world to be reborn into, hungry ghosts is a negative world to be reborn into, worst realm is hell/purgatory at bottom (Ten Kings of Hell) -12 causal links lead to the arising of suffering 3 Poisons - greed, anger, and foolishness 6 Paths - three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, ghosts, hellish). 12 Conditions - 1. Ignorance 2. Mental formations/volitions 3. Status consciousness 4. "Name" and "Form" 5. The six senses 6. Contact 7. Feelings 8. Cravings/longings/desires 9. Clinging to 10. Generation of factors for rebirth 11. Birth 12. All the sufferings Meditative Contemplation on the Skeleton/Corpse - helps in developing a sense of spiritual urgency and renunciation, displayed in meditation halls Nine Stages of Decay - (1) dying; newly deceased or fresh; skin discoloration and bloat during early decomposition; leakage of blood in early decomposition; skin slippage, marbling, and leakage of purge fluid during early decomposition; caving of abdominal cavity and exposure of internal organs during advanced decomposition; animal scavenging during advanced decomposition; skeletonization; and extreme decomposition. Hell Courtesan - was popular during times of turmoil, representing our struggles, women figure of high rank and very beautiful Bodhisattva Earth Matrix - he is known for his vow not to achieve Buddha hood until all hells are emptied; therefore, he is regarded as the bodhisattva of hell beings, works to get people out of purgatory

purgatory - time in between death and rebirth, hell Ten Kings of Hell - There are a total of ten judges of the underworld, each in charge of a different court, people in purgatory put on trial Bureaucracy of Hell - mirrors chinas society, people are put on trial for their past deeds "Dying Well" - acceptance of death Amitabha Buddha - the Buddha of Infinite Light, The Buddha of the Pure Land of Perfect Bliss Langdon Warner - an American archaeologist and art historian specializing in East Asian art. He was a professor at Harvard and the Curator of Oriental Art at Harvard's Fogg Museum Laurence Sickman - an American academic, art historian, sinologist and Director of the NelsonAtkins Museum of Art in Kansas City Theodore Bowie - author about East Asian art Repatriation - bringing relics back to their homeland Sudden Enlightenment (satori) - seeing into ones true nature Koan (Zen "riddle") - a master's statements, including questions and answers directed at his disciples, used to help Zen practitioners transcend the rational intellect and develop intuition. Lineage (passing the "flame") - dharma transmission, a successor in an unbroken lineage of teachers and disciples, a spiritual bloodline Okakura Kakuzo - a Japanese scholar who contributed to the development of arts in Japan. Outside Japan, he is chiefly remembered today as the author of The Book of Tea. D.T. Suzuki - a Japanese author of books and essays on Buddhism, Zen and Shin that were instrumental in spreading interest in both Zen and Shin to the West Alan Watts - a British philosopher, writer, and speaker, best known as an interpreter and populariser of Eastern philosophy for a Western audience Beat Zen/Square Zen/Zen - Beat Zen got its name from the Beats after WWII who solely cared about drugs, sex, etc, zen: enlightenment is to be gained not through doctrinal studies, but rather through direct perception of one's mind through the practice of meditation Tonal Contour Chant - note melody, instrumental music John Cage (Cage Zen) - He incorporates sounds from everyday life into his work, and in turn, incorporates art into everyday life. To Cage, art and life are one and the same. Jack Kerouac (Beat Zen) - an American novelist and poet of French-Canadian descent. He is considered a literary iconoclast and, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, a pioneer of the Beat Generation....