Building Construction and Materials Notes - civilenggforall- By Easy Engineering PDF

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION &

MR. SHRIKANT D. BOBADE Diploma in Civil Engineering, B.E. in Civil Engineering, M. Tech in Structural Engineering, M. Tech in Highway & Transportation Engineering.

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REFERENCE BOOKS 1. BUILDING MATERIAL

- RANGAWALA

2. BUILDING MATERIAL

- SUSHIL KUMAR

3. BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION

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CONTENTS

Chapter No.

Name of the chapter

No. of periods

1.

Stones

10

1

2.

Bricks

10

16

12.

Floors

07

194

13.

Roofs

10

208

14.

Damp proof & Fire proof 07

233

Construction

Pg. No.

MODEL PAPER REFERENCE BOOKS INDEX

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INDEX A Appliances for lifting stones Ashlar masonry

Concrete sheet piles Cost of formwork Curing of concrete Curved roofs

D

C Causes of dampness Cavity walls Cement concrete construction Cement concrete piles Composite floors Composite masonry Concrete mixers

Effects of dampness External finishes

F Fire protection in buildings Fire protection systems Floors and floorings Footings Formwork Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Foundations for machines Framed structures

G Grading of aggregates Grillage foundations Group of piles Guniting

Methods of sound insulation Methods of timbering

O Objects of foundations Ornamental brickwork

P

I

L Lightweight concrete

Q

Live load

Quality control of concrete

Load bearing piles

Queen-post truss

Loads on foundations

Quoins

M

R

Method of dropping a

Raft foundations Reinforced brickwork

weight Methods of damp-proofing

Retaining walls

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Roof coverings for pitched roofs Roofs Rooter Round bars

U Uses of piles

V Ventilation

Rubble masonry

Ventilators in pitched roofs

S

Vibrators

Sand piles

W

Timber piles Timber sheet piles Tools used in

brick

masonry Tools used

stone

in

masonry Trussed roofs Types of floorings

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Stones

Page 1

CHAPTER-1 STONES 1.0

Introduction: All the building structures are composed of different types of materials. These materials are either called building materials or materials of construction. It is very essential for a builder, may be an architecture or engineer or contractor, to

Building stones are obtained from rocks occurring in nature and classified in three ways. 1. Geological classification 2. Physical classification 3. Chemical classification

I.

Geological Classification: According to this classification, the rocks are of the following types. Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Page 2

Building Materials & Construction

a. Igneous rocks: Rocks that are formed by cooling of Magana (molten or pasty rocky material) are known as igneous rocks. Eg: Granite, Basalt and Dolerite etc. b. Sedimentary rocks: these rocks are formed by the deposition of production of weathering on the pre-existing rocks. Examples: gravel, sandstone, limestone, gypsum, lignite etc. c. Metamorphic rocks. These rocks are formed by the change in character of the pre-existing rocks. Igneous as well as

Ex: sedimentary rocks b. An stratified rocks: The structure may be crystalline granular or compact granular. Examples: Igneous rocks and Sedimentary rocks affected by movements of the earth. c. Foliated Rocks: These rocks have a tendency to split up in a definite direction only. Ex: Metamorphic rocks.

III.

Chemical Classification: According to this classification rocks are classified into three types. Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Stones

Page 3

a. Siliceous rocks: In these rocks, silica is predominates. The rocks are hard; durable and not easily effected by weathering agencies. Ex: Granite, Quartzite, etc. b. Argillaceous Rocks: In these rocks, clay predominates. The rocks may be dense and compact or may be soft. Ex: slates, Laterites etc. c. Calcareous rocks: In these rocks, calcium carbonate predominates. The durability to these rocks will depend upon the

various types such as residential, commercial, industrial etc. They are also adopted to form paving of roads, foot paths etc. 4. Basic material: Stones are disintegrated and converted to form a basic material for cement concrete, morum of roads, calcareous cements, artificial stones, hallow blocks etc. 5.Misalliances: Stones are also used for (i) ballast for railways (ii) flux in blast furnace (iii) Blocks in the construction of bridges, piers, abutments, retaining walls, light houses, dams etc.

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Page 4 1.3

Building Materials & Construction Qualities of a good building stone:

The following are the qualities or requirements of a good building stone. 1. Crushing strength: For a good building stone, the crushing strength should be greater than l000kg per cm2. 2. Appearance: Good building stone should be a uniform colour, and free from clay holes, spots of other colour bands etc capable of preserving the colour for longtime.

wear should be equal to or less then 3 percent. 7. Resistance to fire: A good building stone be fire proof. Sandstone, Argillaceous stone resists fire quite well 8. Specific gravity: For a good building stone the specific gravity should be greater then 8.7 or so. 9. Texture: A good building stone should have compact fine crystalline structure should be free from cavities, cracks or patches of stuff or loose material.

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Stones

Page 5

10. Water absorption: For a good building stone, the percentage absorption by weight after 24 hours should not exceed 0.60. 11. Seasoning: Stones should be well seasoned before putting into use. A period of about 6 to 12 months is considered to be sufficient for proper seasoning. 12. Toughness Index: Impact test, the value of toughness less than 13 – Not tough, between 13 and 19 – Moderate, greater than 19- high

4. Hard and durable 5. High resistance to weathering 6. The texture varies with its quality 7. Specify gravity 2.7 and compressive strength 700 to 1300 kg/cm2 8. Used for ornamental, road metal, railway ballast, aggregate for concrete; for construction of bridges, piers and marine works etc. Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Page 6

Building Materials & Construction

1.4.2 Balast 1. Igneous rock 2. It is compact, hard and heavy 3.Available in red, yellow grey, blue and greenish black colour 4. Specific gravity is 3 and compressive strength varies 1530 to 1890 kg/cm2. 5. Used for ornamental, rail road ballast, aggregates for

1.4.4 Lime Stone: 1. Sedimentary rock: It is available in a variety of forms which differ from one another in colour Compaction, texture, hardness and durable a. Compact lime stone b. Granular lime stone c. Magnesia lime stone d. Kanker lime stone f. Used for paving, road metal, etc Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Stones

Page 7

1.4.5 Marble 1. Metamorphic rock 2. Available in white, blue, green, yellow black and red colour 3. High compactness, 4. Suitable for decorative works, wall lining columns, pile, table slabs, hearths, tiled floors, steps of stair case etc.

1.4.6 Slate:

ornamental value and durability Suitability various types of stones for different purposes and situation is briefly discussed below a. For face work, in general marble, granite and close-grained sand stone are used in the form of thin slabs (veneers) where the structure subjected to adverse weather effects. b. For pillars, balustrade, pedestals, columns statues and door and window sill and paving stone, granite marble and

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Page 8

Building Materials & Construction compact lime stone can be recommend because they can take good polish.

c. For ornamental works such as moulding and carvings, finegrained sand stone, fine grained marble and fine grained granite are used. d. For bridges, piers, docks, break-waters and other marine structures the stone should be very hard, heavy, strong and durable granite and gneiss are recommended for this purpose

commonly use in such places. h. In fire proof construction, compact sand stone should always be prefferred.

1.6

Artificial stones: These are also known as cast stones or reconstructed stones. Artificial stones may take up various forms such as a. Cement concrete: This is the mixture of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. It may be cast in site Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Stones

Page 9 or pre-cast if steel is used with cement concrete, it is known as reinforced cement concrete. b. Mosaic tiles: Pre-Cast concrete tiles with marble chips at top surface are known as tiles. They are available in different shades and widely adopted at present. c. Terrazo : This is a mixture of marble chips and cement. It is used for bathrooms residential buildings, temples etc.

Advantages of artificial stones:

7. It is more durable than natural stone 8. Natural bed is absent in artificial stones and hence, the question of taking precautions with respect to the natural bed of stones does not arise.

1.7

Aggregates - Grading: Aggregates is derived from igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks or is manufacture from clays, slag etc. The properties of concrete are directly related to those of its constituents and should be hard, strong, Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Page 10

Building Materials & Construction

durable, and free from clay, loam, vegetables and other such foreign matters. The presence of clay or dirt coating prevents the adhesion of cement on the surface of aggregates and ultimately retards the setting and hardening of cement and reduces the strength, durability and soundness of concrete. Depending upon their size, the aggregates are classified as (i) Fine Aggregative (ii) coarse aggregates. (i) Fine Aggregates: The material, most of when passes through

concrete. Crushed hard stone and gravel is the common materials used as coarse aggregates for structural concretes. Coarse aggregates usually obtained by crashing granite, gneiss, crystalline lime stone and good variety of sandstone etc.

Grading of Aggregates: Grading of aggregates consists of proportionating the fine and coarse aggregates in such a ratio, so as to get strongest and densest mix with the least amount of cement. Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Stones

Page 11 Grading the aggregates is so graded as to have minimum voids when mixed with all ingredients, and water should render a concrete mass of easy workability. The grading of aggregates are done by the following methods

(i)

By trail – In this method, proportionating of aggregates as to give heaviest weight for same volume, yield the densest concrete

(ii)

By finesse modules method (sieve analysis method): in

graduated cylinder and water. The percentage of voids I aggregate, “X” given by the equation. X = (V1 – V2) x 100 V2 Where v1, volume of water filled Where v2, volume of aggregates. (iv)

By arbitrary standards: It is a commonly adopted method of propitiating the aggregates in a concrete mix Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Page 12

Building Materials & Construction for small works of moderate importance. This method is not recommended for large works or important works in this method, the volume of cement, sand and coarse aggregates are taken in the proportion of 1:n:2n respectively. The quantity of water to be used a varied suit the workability descried. Ex:

1:1:2 M250 rich mix for columns, beams 1:1:3 – M200 Water retaining structures etc

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Stones

Page 13

SYNOPYSIS 1. Building stones obtained from rocks occurring in nature is classified into a. Geological classification b. Physical classification c. Chemical classification 2. According or geological classification rocks are classified as

b. Argillaceous rocks c. Calcareous rocks 5. A good building stone should have the following qualities a. Crushing strength b. Appearance c. Durability d. Fracture e. Hardness f. Percentage wear g. Resistance to fire Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Page 14

Building Materials & Construction h. Specific gravity i. Texture j. Water absorption k. Seasoning l. Toughness index

6. The stones are used for a. Structural work b. Face work c. Paving work

9. Depending upon their size, the aggregates are classified a. Fine aggregates b. Coarse aggregates 10. The grading of aggregates are done by a. By trail b. By fineness modulus method c. By minimum voids method d. By arbitrary method

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Stones

Page 15

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1.

Name the classification of stones.

2.

Name the types of rocks according to geological classification.

3.

Define igneous rocks.

4.

Define sedimentary rocks.

5.

Define metamorphic rocks.

6.

Name any four building stones.

7.

Name any four good qualities of stones.

a) Marble 7.

b) Granite

c) Basalt

d) Sandstone

Explain the grading of aggregates.

* * *

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Page 16

Building Materials & Construction CHAPTER-2 BRICKS

Bricks are obtained by moulding clay in rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by drying and burning these blocks. As bricks are of uniform size, they can be properly arranged, light in weight and hence bricks replace stones. 2.1 Composition - Manufacture Process.

chemical composition with alumina. Presence of silica prevents crackers shrinking and warping of raw bricks. It thus imparts uniform shape to the bricks. Durability of bricks depends on the proper proportion of silica in brick earth. Excess of silica destroys the cohesion between particles and bricks become brittle. Lime – A small quantity of lime is desirable in finely powdered state to prevents shrinkage of raw bricks. Excess of lime causes the brick to melt and hence, its shape is last due to the splitting of bricks. Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Bricks

Page 17

Oxide of iron- A small quantity of oxide of Iron to the extent of 5 to 6 percent is desirable in good brick to imparts red colour to bricks. Excess of oxide of iron makes the bricks dark blue or blackish. Magnesia- A small quantity of magnesia in brick earth imparts yellow tint to bricks, and decreases shrinkage. But excess of magnesia decreases shrink leads to the decay of bricks.

3. Drying 4. Burning (i)

Preparation of clay :- The preparation of clay involves following operations a) Unsoiling :- Top layer of 20cm depth is removed as it contain impurities.

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Page 18

Building Materials & Construction

b) Digging: - Clay dug out from ground is spread on level ground about 60cm to 120cm heaps. c) Cleaning:-Stones, pebbles, vegetable matter etc removed and converted into powder form. d) Weathering:- Clay is exposed to atmosphere from few weeks to full season.

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Bricks

Page 19

Fig 2.1 Pug Mill Process:- Clay with water is placed in pug mill from the top. When the vertical staff is rotated by using electric pair, steam or diesel or turned by pair of bullocks. Clay is thoroughly mixed up by the actions of horizontal arms and knives when clay has been sufficiently pugged, hole

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Page 20

Building Materials & Construction

at the bottom of tub, is opened cut and the pugged earth is taken out from ramp for the next operation of moulding. Moulding: Clay, which is prepared form pug mill, is sent for the next operation of moulding. Following are the two ways of moulding. Hand Moulding: Moulds are rectangular boxes of wood or steel, which are open at top and bottom. Steel moulds are more durable and used for

Fig 2.2 Wooden mould & Steel mould a) Ground moulded bricks b) Table moulded bricks (a) Ground moulded bricks: ground is first made level and fine sand is sprinkled over it. Mould is dipped in water and placed over the ground to fill the clay. Extra clay is removed by wooden or metal strike after the mould is filled forced mould is then lifted up and raw Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering net

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Bricks

Page 21

brick is left on the ground. Mould is then dipped in water every time lower faces of ground moulded bricks are rough and it is not possible to place frog on such bricks. Ground moulded bricks of better quality and with frogs on their surface are made by using a pair of pallet boards and a wooden block (b) Table-moulded bricks: Process of moulding these bricks is just similar to ground bricks on a table of size about 2m x 1m.

of size equal to length and width of a brick. Pugged clay is placed in the machine and as it com...