Building Construction-1 Complete Notes PDF

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All the topics as per GGSIPU Syllabus for Building Construction-1 has been covered through various internet resources....

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UNIT-1 Building: A building is a structure, temporary or permanent, consisting of four walls, roof & a floor. It is used as a shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. Classification of a Building on the basis of occupancy:1. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING: All those buildings with sleeping accommodation facility are called residential buildings. Following are example of residential buildings: Apartments, Flats, Hotels-, Hostels, Private Houses, Cottage, bungalows, Duplex, etc 2. BUSINESS BUILDING: This type of buildings are used for providing various types of services. Below are this type of buildings: Bank, Dispensaries and clinic, Libraries, Insurance agencies, Fire station, Police station, etc. 3. EDUCATIONAL BUILDING: This type of buildings constructed for various activities in primary, secondary or college level educational system. Example of this type of buildings are: School, College, Training institute, , Day care centre, etc. 4. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING: Although this type of buildings provide facility of sleeping accommodation these are not included in residential buildings. Institutional buildings are those where people are physically unable to leave without assistance. Following are the institutional buildings: Hospitals, Infants care homes, Old homes, Nursing homes, Prisons, etc. 5. FACTORY BUILDING: In this type of buildings, products are assembled or processed or fabricated or repaired. For example: Gas plant, Power plant, Refineries, Dairies, Laundries etc. 6. ASSEMBLY BUILDING: In this type of buildings people gather for some reason. These reasons can be any types. Such as social purpose, religious purpose, patriotic purpose or simply recreation purpose. This types of buildings are: Restaurant, Cinema hall, Theater, Gymnasium, Swimming pool, Prayer hall, etc. 7. STORAGE BUILDING: This type of buildings are used for storing goods, animals or vehicles. The storage materials should not be hazardous. Such types of buildings are: Garage, Warehouse, Cold storage, Transit sheds, Perkings, etc 8. MERCANTILE BUILDING: In this type of buildings goods or materials are displayed or sold. Following are this type of buildings: Shopping mall, Grocery Store, Departmental store 9. HAZARDOUS BUILDING: This type of buildings are used to produce or storage high flammable or toxic materials (Don’t be confused with factory building). Such as fireworks, hydrogen peroxide, cyanide, etc.

Site Selection (Factors to be considered for selection of site for following buildings) A. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING: 1. Shape of the plot: Geometry of the plot for any kind of construction is very important which can largely effect the appearance of your structure. Shape of the plot should be such that the construction can be easily made with cost low as possible. 2. Location of the plot: The surround area of the residential plot is very important. It effects the price and the beauty of the plot. Plot should be taken in the area provided with a lot of services. And in a suitable environment free from all kind of pollutions. 3. Availability of Amenities: Plot for a residential building should be taken in the area provided with much number of amenities. Such as electricity, Telephone, Fax, Internet, Gas, School, Colleges, University etc. and the most important is the good and fast transport system. so that communication become more fast and quick. 4. Water table: The water table at the site of residential building should not be very high. otherwise it will effect the quality of water which are used for drinking and domestic purposes. A plot with normal water table will be more preferred as compared with other plots having high water table. 5. Sewerage System: There should be proper sewerage system at the site of residential plots. So that the extra water of houses can easily be drawn out especially in rains and floods. if in case there is no sewerage system the dirty water effect the building and as well the occupants as well.

B. COMMERCIAL BUILDING: 1. Location: The value of a commercial building depends upon its location, whether it is located in the center of the region or at the borders or on the main road or away from the main road. 2. Climate of Region: The strength and stability of building mainly depends upon the climate of the region in which it is going to be constructed. Commercial buildings are very important and expensive form economic points of so it must be constructed according to the terms and conditions of region. So that it can be remain safe form floods, rains, snowfalls etc. 3. Availability of Raw materials: Usually commercial buildings require more construction materials as compared to a normal residential house. So before the construction of the commercial building it must be sure that raw materials are available nearby. Otherwise it will become uneconomical. 4. Cost and time frame: Before the construction of commercial a through investigation should made for the cost and time frame for the commercial building. Cost and time frame mainly depends upon the location and the availability of Raw materials. 5. Populations of the region: Commercials building are constructed to meet the need of the local population. So for this purpose it must be constructed in the region having sufficient population in which the commercial building can restore its cost. C. INDUSTRIAL BUILDING: 1. Availability of Raw Materials: Raw material form major proportion of the finished product. Unrestricted and regular supply of raw material is very necessary for carrying out unrestricted production. Nearness to the source of raw material is very economical for an industrial unit. On account of this consideration many industries have been set up near the source of supply of raw material. 2. Availability of Labour: Labour cost is one of the main constituents of the total cost of production. It influences the total cost of production. Labour implies both the skilled and unskilled workers needed for different types of activities. The supply of un-skilled labour does not create any serious problem because such labour is available everywhere. Skilled labour is available only at specific centres. 3. Availability of Power and Fuel: Availability of cheap power and fuel supply sources is another decisive factor in selecting proper location of an industrial unit. In the past, coal was the main sources of power supply for various types of heavy and large scale industries like iron and steel, cement and aluminium etc., the industrial units which used to be located near coal supplying centres. 4. Availability of Transport & Communication Facilities: Adequate and quick facilities of transport must be kept in mind for quick delivery of raw materials to the factory and finished products to the market. Kimball and Kimball have rightly pointed out that “The ideal plant is one centrally located and directly served by water, rail, trucking and air facilities”. 5. Government Policies & Regulations

Basic Components of a Building: 1. FOUNDATION: A foundation is necessary to evenly distribute the entire building load on the soil in such a manner that no damaging settlements take place. Hence, the foundations need to be constructed on good/solid ground. 2. PLINTH: A plinth is normally constructed just above the ground level and immediately after the foundation. It raises the floor above the ground level and herewith prevents surface water from entering the building. 3. DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC): Damp proof course is a layer of water proofing material such as asphalt or waterproof cement. Walls are constructed above the damp proof course. Damp proof course prevents surface water from rising into the walls. Dampness reduces the strength of the walls and creates unhealthy living conditions. Also it affects the paint and plaster and increasing the cost of maintenance. Damp proofing layer is not required where a plinth beam is constructed, because the plinth beam already performs like a DPC. 4. PLINTH BEAM: A plinth beam is constructed depending upon the type of the structure of the building and nature of the soil. It provides additional stability in regard to settlements of the building and earthquake damages. 5. FLOOR: This is the surface on which we do most of our activities. Floorings is laid over the filling of the plinth and on subsequent floors.Flooring can be done with different materials, but care must be given that the ground below the floor is well compacted. Flooring is done to prevent dampness from rising to the top and to have a firm platform that can be kept hygienic and clean.

6. WALLS: Walls are the vertical elements on which the roof finally rests. They can be made of different materials like bricks, stones, mud, concrete blocks, lateritic blocks etc. If the walls are very long, columns can be provided to carry the roof. Walls provide privacy and enclosure. Walls also provide security and protection against natural elements such as wind, rain and sunshine. Openings are to be provided in wall for access and ventilation. 7. OPENINGS: Openings are normally provided in the walls as door, windows and ventilators. Doors provide access; windows and ventilators provide light and ventilation. 8. LINTEL: Lintel is constructed above doors, windows etc. to support load of wall on openings. Lintel beam is generally made as reinforced cement concrete member. While, in residential houses sometime lintel is made by using concrete and bricks. 9. SUNSHADE: Sun shade is a slab that is cast on the top of doors and windows. Sun shade protects doors and windows from sun and rain. Sun shade is cast monolithically with the lintel. 10. STAIRS: A stair is a sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent between the floors and landings. The apartment or room of a building in which stair is located is called staircase. The space or opening occupied by the stair is called a stairway. There are different kind of stairs are used in buildings, like RCC stair, wooden stair, metal stair, brick stair etc. 11. ROOF: The roof provides protection for the building and the people living in it. The roof rests on the walls and requires proper anchoring so that wind and other mechanical impact cannot destroy it. A roof can have different shapes but it is always either flat or sloping. Roof is typically made of RCC, stone slab, tiles etc. 12. PARAPET: External walls of a building are extended above the roof slab which is known as parapet. The sole purpose of parapet is to retain water from its entrance in to the walls and a safety protection for people who use the roof of a building.

Foundation:The lowest artificially build part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure to the soil lying underneath is called foundation. CONCEPT OF FOUNDATION: The structures are subjected to the loads of its own components(walls, roofs, floors, etc.) or other live loads. The load which is acting on a wall is to be transferred to the soil lying underneath. The load thus acting on the soil is to be distributed over a large area so that the intensity of loading comes within the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil. For this purpose a structure is provided with artificial arrangement in the form of concrete bed or block etc. at the base below ground level which act as foundation of structure. PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION: The main purpose of the foundation is is to distribute the structural load over a large bearing area without causing bearing capacity failure and excessive settlement to obtain a level and hard strata or bed for building operations to increase the stability of the structure as a whole. TYPES OF FOUNDATION: Foundation is classified into two types:A. Shallow Foundation: Shallow foundation are those foundations in which the depth at which the foundation is placed is less than the width of the foundation (D < B). Shallow foundations are generally termed as spread footing as they transmit the load of the super structure laterally into the ground. It is further classified into:1. Wall Footing: This type of foundation runs continuous along the direction of the wall and helps to transmit the load of the wall into the ground. Wall footing are suitable where loads to be transmitted are small and are economical in dense sands and gravels. In this type of foundation the width is 2-3 times the width of the wall at ground level. Wall footing may be constructed through stone, brick, plain or reinforced cement concrete. 2. Column Footing: Column footings are suitable and economical for the depth greater than 1.5m. In this type of foundation the base of the column is enlarged. Column footing is in the form of flat slab and may be constructed through plain or reinforced concrete. 3. Combined Footing: Combined footings are those foundations that are made common for two or more columns in a row. It is used when the footing for a column may extend beyond the property line. It is also suitable when the two columns are closely spaced and the soil on which the structure resist is of low bearing capacity. It may be rectangular or trapezoidal in shape. 4. Strap Footing: When an edge footing cannot be extended beyond the property line the edge footing is linked up with the other interior footing by means of a strap beam. Such footings are called as strap footing. It is also know as cantilever footing. 5. Mat Foundation: A mat foundation is a combined footing which covers the entire area beneath of a structure and supports all the walls and columns. It is also known as raft foundation.

B. Deep Foundation: Deep Foundation are those foundations in which the depth of the foundation is greater than its width (D>B). The D/B ratio is usually 4-5 for deep foundation. Unlike shallow foundation, the deep foundation transmits the load of the superstructure vertically to the rock strata lying deep. Deep foundations are used when the shallow foundation cannot support the load of the structure. It is further classified into:1. Pile Foundation: Pile is a slender member with small area of cross-section relative to its length. They can transfer load either by friction or by bearing. Pile foundation are used when:

i. ii.

The load is to be transferred to stronger or less compressible stratum, preferably rock. The granular soils need to be compacted.

iii. 2.

The horizontal and the inclined forces need to be carried from the bridge abutments and the retaining walls.

Pier Foundation: Pier foundation are underground cylindrical structural member that support heavier load of the structure which shallow

foundations cannot resist. Unlike pile foundation, pier foundation can only transfer load by bearing. Pier foundation are shallower in depth than the pile foundation. Pier foundation are used when: i. The top strata is a decomposed rock underlying as sound rock strata. ii. The soil is a stiff clay that occurs large resistance for driving the bearing pile. 3. Well Foundation: The term caisson refers to box or a case. These are hollow inside and are usually constructed at the site and sunk in place into a hard bearing strata. As they are expensive in construction, they are usually restricted to major foundation works. Well foundation are suitable when the soil contains large boulders obstructing the penetration during installation of pier or pile foundations. Caissons are used for bridge piers, abutments in rivers and lakes and other shore protection works. They are used to resist heavy vertical and horizontal loads and are used in the construction of large water front structures as pump houses.

Suitability & Uses of:1. SPREAD FOUNDATION: Spread Foundations are used to support a set of piers below a building. To add additional support, spread foundations are constructed with concrete and reinforced with steel. Since spread foundation transfers the weight of the building over a large area, spread footings have little risk of failure. Suitable for ordinary buildings, usually three to four storey. 2. STEPPED FOUNDATION: In this foundations the excavation trenches are made in the form of steps. All the steps should be preferable of equal length and depth. The function of providing steps is. to avoid unnecessary cutting and filling. The plinth of the structure should start after the highest point of the ground. This type of foundation is suitable for hilly places or in those situations where the ground is sloppy. 3. MASONRY PILLARS & CONCRETE COLUMNS: It is used to carry loads. These pillars can act as corner pillars, porch columns, boundary gate pillars or free-standing columns. It is a structural member designed to carry compressive loads to the base of the foundation. 4. RAFT FOUNDATION: A raft foundation is often used when the soil is weak, as it distributes the weight of the building over the entire area of the building, and not over smaller zones or at individual points. This reduces the stress on the soil. 5. COMBINED FOOTING: Combined footings are provided when distance between two columns is small and load bearing capacity of soil is lower and their footings overlap with each other. When two columns are close together and separate isolated footings would overlap, in such case, it is better to provide a combined footing.

Thumb Rule for Depth, Width of a Foundation & Thickness of a Concrete Block: ****** Pile Foundations Suitability: Pile Foundations are suitable when:1. When the soil near the ground surface or at a reasonable depth is too soft or loose. 2. When the loads are so high that there is not enough plan area to accommodate the size of foundation required. 3. When large lateral loads act on the foundation. 4. Pile foundations are used when the structure is expected to carry large uplift loads in transmission towers and underground structures below water table. 5. Pile foundation is used when the foundation is subjected to inclined loads, eccentric loads and moments.

Classification of Piles according to:1. FUNCTION: Piles are classified according to functions into:a. End bearing piles: The piles which transfer its load to a hard and relatively incompressible stratum like rock or dense sand are called end bearing piles. These piles derive its bearing capacity from end bearing at the pile tip. b. Friction piles: The piles which do not rest on hard stratum but derives its carrying capacity from skim friction or adhesion between the pile surface and surrounding soil are called friction piles. c. Tension pile: Tension piles are also called uplift piles. These piles are used to anchor down the structures subjected to uplift due to hydrostatic pressure. d. Compaction piles: These piles are used to compact loose granular soil to increase its bearing capacity. Compaction piles do not carry load and hence they can be of weaker material. Sand piles can be used as compaction piles. e. Anchor piles: These piles are used to provide anchorage against horizontal pull from sheet piling. f. Fender piles and dolphins: Fender piles and dolphins are used to protect water front structure from impact of any floating object or ship.

2.

MATERIAL: Piles are classified according to material into:-

a. Timber piles: Timber piles are made from tree trunks and are well seasoned, straight and free from all defects. In India, timber piles mostly made up of sal tree trunks. These piles are available in length between 4 to 6 m. Timber piles are used where good bearing stratum is available at a relatively shallow depth. b. Concrete piles: Concrete piles are either precast or cast in situ. Precast piles are cast and cured at the casting site and then transported to the site for installation. These piles are adequately reinforced to with stand handling stresses along with working stresses. Precast piles are normally suitable for short lengths. Cast-in-situ piles are constructed by drilling hole in the ground and then filling the hole by concrete after placing the reinforcement. c. Steel piles: Steel piles are usually of rolled H-sections or thick pipe sections. These piles are used to withstand large impact stresses and where less distributance from driving is desired. Steel sheet piles and H-piles are generally used to support the open...