Buku Telekomunikasi 2nd edition Roger L Freeman PDF

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Fundamentals of Telecommunications. Roger L. Freeman Copyright  1999 Roger L. Freeman Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBNs: 0-471-29699-6 (Hardback); 0-471-22416-2 (Electronic) Fundamentals of Telecommunications WILEY SERIES IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING John G. Proakis, Edi...

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A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York • Chichester • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. Copyright  1999 by Roger L. Freeman. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including uploading, downloading, printing, decompiling, recording or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. ISBN 0-471-22416-2 This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-29699-6. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.Wiley.com.

To Paquita

CONTENTS

Preface Chapter 1

xxi Introductory Concepts 1.1 What Is Telecommunication? 1.2 Telecommunication Will Touch Everybody 1.3 Introductory Topics in Telecommunications 1.3.1 End-Users, Nodes, and Connectivities 1.3.2 Telephone Numbering and Routing 1.3.3 Use of Tandem Switches in a Local Area

1 1 2 2 6

Connectivity 1.3.4 Busy Hour and Grade of Service 1.3.5 Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full Duplex 1.3.6 One-Way and Two-Way Circuits 1.3.7 Network Topologies 1.3.8 Variations in Traffic Flow Quality of Service Standardization in Telecommunications Organization of the PSTN in the United States 1.6.1 Points of Presence Review Exercises References

7 7 9 9 10 14 15 16 17 17 18 19

Signals Convey Intelligence 2.1 Objective 2.2 Signals in Everyday Life 2.3 Basic Concepts of Electricity for Communications 2.3.1 Early Sources of Electrical Current 2.3.2 Electrical Telegraph: An Early Form of Long-

21

1.4 1.5 1.6

Chapter 2

1

2.4

Distance Communications 2.3.3 What Is Frequency? Electrical Signals 2.4.1 Introduction to Transmission 2.4.2 Modulation 2.4.3 Binary Digital Signals

21 21 22 22 23 25 30 30 31 33 vii

viii

CONTENTS

2.5

Chapter 3

Introduction to Transporting Electrical Signals 2.5.1 Wire Pair 2.5.2 Coaxial Cable Transmission 2.5.3 Fiber Optic Cable 2.5.4 Radio Transmission Review Exercises References

34 34 37 38 38 40 41

Quality of Service and Telecommunication Impairments

43

3.1 3.2

3.3

3.4 3.5

Chapter 4

Objective Quality of Service: Voice, Data, and Image 3.2.1 Introduction to Signal-to-Noise Ratio 3.2.2 Voice Transmission 3.2.3 Data Circuits 3.2.4 Video (Television) Three Basic Impairments and How They Affect the End-User 3.3.1 Amplitude Distortion 3.3.2 Phase Distortion 3.3.3 Noise Level 3.4.1 Typical Levels Echo and Singing Review Exercises References

Transmission and Switching: Cornerstones of a Network

4.1 4.2

4.3

Transmission and Switching Defined Traffic Intensity Defines the Size of Switches and the Capacity of Transmission Links 4.2.1 Traffic Studies 4.2.2 Discussion of the Erlang and Poisson Traffic Formulas 4.2.3 Waiting Systems (Queueing) 4.2.4 Dimensioning and Efficiency 4.2.5 Quantifying Data Traffic Introduction to Switching 4.3.1 Basic Switching Requirements 4.3.2 Concentration and Expansion 4.3.3 Essential Functions of a Local Switch 4.3.4 Some Introductory Switching Concepts 4.3.5 Early Automatic Switching Systems 4.3.6 Common Control (Hard-Wired) 4.3.7 Stored Program Control 4.3.8 Concentrators and Remote Switching

43 43 43 44 46 47 47 47 48 50 53 53 54 54 55 57

57 57 57 63 66 66 71 71 71 72 73 75 75 77 77 79

CONTENTS

4.4

4.5

Chapter 5

Transmission Aspects of Voice Telephony 5.1 Objective 5.2 Definition of the Voice Channel 5.2.1 Human Voice 5.3 Operation of a Telephone Subset 5.3.1 Subset Mouthpiece or Transmitter 5.3.2 Telephone Earpiece or Receiver 5.4 Subscriber Loop Design 5.4.1 Basic Design Considerations 5.4.2 Subscriber Loop Length Limits 5.4.3 Designing a Subscriber Loop 5.4.4 Extending the Subscriber Loop 5.4.5 “Cookbook” Design Methods for Subscriber

5.5

5.6

Chapter 6

Some Essential Concepts in Transmission 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Two-Wire and Four-Wire Transmission Introduction to Multiplexing 4.5.1 Definition 4.5.2 Frequency Division Multiplex 4.5.3 Pilot Tones 4.5.4 Comments on the Employment and Disadvantages of FDM Systems Review Exercises References

Loops 5.4.6 Current North American Loop Design Rules Design of Local Area Wire-Pair Trunks (Junctions) 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Inductive Loading of Wire-Pair Trunks (Junctions) 5.5.3 Local Trunk (Junction) Design Considerations VF Repeaters (Amplifiers) Review Exercises References

Digital Networks 6.1 Introduction to Digital Transmission 6.1.1 Two Different PCM Standards 6.2 Basis of Pulse Code Modulation 6.2.1 Sampling 6.2.2 Quantization 6.2.3 Coding 6.3 PCM System Operation 6.4 Line Code

ix

80 80 80 83 83 84 87 89 90 92 93

93 93 94 94 97 97 97 97 98 99 101 102 105 106 106 106 107 108 108 109 111

111 112 112 112 113 117 122 123

x

CONTENTS

6.5 6.6 6.7

6.8

6.9

6.10 6.11

6.12

Chapter 7

Signal-to-Gaussian-Noise Ratio on PCM Repeatered Lines Regenerative Repeaters PCM System Enhancements 6.7.1 Enhancements to DS1 6.7.2 Enhancements to E1 Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems 6.8.1 Introduction 6.8.2 Stuffing and Justification 6.8.3 North American Higher-Level Multiplex 6.8.4 European E1 Digital Hierarchy Long-Distance PCM Transmission 6.9.1 Transmission Limitations 6.9.2 Jitter and Wander 6.9.3 Distortion 6.9.4 Thermal Noise 6.9.5 Crosstalk Digital Loop Carrier 6.10.1 New Versions of DSL Digital Switching 6.11.1 Advantages and Issues of Digital Switching 6.11.2 Approaches to PCM Switching 6.11.3 Review of Some Digital Switching Concepts Digital Network 6.12.1 Introduction 6.12.2 Technical Requirements of the Digital Network 6.12.3 Digital Network Performance Requirements Review Exercises References

Signaling 7.1 What Is the Purpose of Signaling? 7.2 Defining the Functional Areas 7.2.1 Supervisory Signaling 7.2.2 Address Signaling 7.2.3 Call Progress—Audible-Visual 7.3 Signaling Techniques 7.3.1 Conveying Signaling Information 7.3.2 Evolution of Signaling 7.3.3 Subscriber Call Progress Tones and Push-

7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8

Button Codes (North America) Compelled Signaling Concepts of Link-by-Link and End-to-End Signaling Effects of Numbering on Signaling Associated and Disassociated Channel Signaling Signaling in the Subscriber Loop

124 125 126 126 126 127 127 127 127 129 131 131 131 132 132 133 133 133 133 133 134 140 142 142 143 148 150 152 155

155 155 155 156 156 156 156 157 164 164 166 167 168 168

CONTENTS

7.9

Chapter 8

7.8.1 Background and Purpose Metallic Trunk Signaling 7.9.1 Basic Loop Signaling 7.9.2 Reverse-Battery Signaling Review Exercises References

Local and Long-Distance Networks 8.1 Objective 8.2 Makeup of the PSTN 8.2.1 Evolving Local Network 8.2.2 What Affects Local Network Design? 8.3 Design of Long-Distance Networks 8.3.1 Introduction 8.3.2 Three Design Steps 8.3.3 Link Limitation 8.3.4 Numbering Plan Areas 8.3.5 Exchange Location 8.3.6 Hierarchy 8.3.7 Network Design Procedures 8.4 Traffic Routing in a National Network 8.4.1 New Routing Techniques 8.4.2 Logic of Routing 8.4.3 Call-Control Procedures 8.4.4 Applications 8.5 Transmission Factors in Long-Distance Telephony 8.5.1 Introduction 8.5.2 Echo 8.5.3 Singing 8.5.4 Causes of Echo and Singing 8.5.5 Transmission Design to Control Echo and

Singing 8.5.6 Introduction to Transmission-Loss Engineering 8.5.7 Loss Plan for Digital Networks (United States) Review Exercises References Chapter 9

Concepts in Transmission Transport 9.1 Objective 9.2 Radio Systems 9.2.1 Scope 9.2.2 Introduction to Radio Transmission 9.2.3 Line-of-Sight Microwave 9.2.4 Fades, Fading and Fade Margins 9.2.5 Diversity and Hot-Standby 9.2.6 Frequency Planning and Frequency

Assignment

xi

168 171 171 172 173 173 175

175 175 175 176 179 179 179 180 182 182 182 183 188 188 189 190 191 194 194 195 195 195 198 198 200 201 202 203

203 204 204 204 205 221 223 225

xii

CONTENTS

9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6

Chapter 10

Satellite 9 . 3 .1 9 . 3 .2 9 . 3 .3 9 . 3 .4 9 . 3 .5

Communications Introduction Satellite Three Basic Technical Problems Frequency Bands: Desirable and Available Multiple Access to a Communication Satellite 9.3.6 Earth Station Link Engineering 9.3.7 Digital Communication by Satellite 9.3.8 Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) Networks Fiber Optic Communication Links 9.4.1 Applications 9.4.2 Introduction to Optical Fiber as a Transmission Medium 9.4.3 Types of Optical Fiber 9.4.4 Splices and Connectors 9.4.5 Light Sources 9.4.6 Light Detectors 9.4.7 Optical Fiber Amplifiers 9.4.8 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 9.4.9 Fiber Optic Link Design Coaxial Cable Transmission Systems 9.5.1 Introduction 9.5.2 Description 9.5.3 Cable Characteristics Transmission Media Summary Review Exercises References

Data Communications 10.1 Objective 10.2 The Bit: A Review 10.3 Removing Ambiguity: Binary Convention 10.4 Coding 10.5 Errors in Data Transmission 10.5.1 Introduction 10.5.2 Nature of Errors 10.5.3 Error Detection and Correction 10.6 dc Nature of Data Transmission 10.6.1 dc Loops 10.6.2 Neutral and Polar dc Data Transmission

10.7

Systems Binary Transmission and the Concept of Time 10.7.1 Introduction 10.7.2 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission 10.7.3 Timing

225 225 226 226 228 228 231 237 238 240 240 241 243 244 245 247 248 249 250 253 253 254 254 255 257 258 261

261 261 262 262 264 264 265 265 268 268 268 269 269 270 272

CONTENTS

10.7.4 Bits, Bauds, and Symbols 10.7.5 Digital Data Waveforms 10.8 Data Interface: The Physical Layer 10.9 Digital Transmission on an Analog Channel 10.9.1 Introduction 10.9.2 Modulation–Demodulation Schemes 10.9.3 Critical Impairments to the Transmission of Data 10.9.4 Channel Capacity 10.9.5 Modem Selection Considerations 10.9.6 Equalization 10.9.7 Data Transmission on the Digital Network 10.10 What Are Data Protocols? 10.10.1 Basic Protocol Functions 10.10.2 Open Systems Interconnection 10.10.3 High-Level Data Link Control: A Typical Link-Layer Protocol Review Exercises References Chapter 11

Enterprise Networks I: Local Area Networks 11.1 What Do Enterprise Networks Do? 11.2 Local Area Networks (LANs) 11.3 LAN Topologies 11.4 Baseband LAN Transmission Considerations 11.5 Overview of ANSI/ IEEE LAN Protocols 11.5.1 Introduction 11.5.2 How LAN Protocols Relate to OSI 11.5.3 Logical Link Control 11.6 LAN Access Protocols 11.6.1 Introduction 11.6.2 CSMA and CSMA/ CD Access

273 274 275 277 277 277 278 282 282 285 286 288 289 290 294 298 299 301

301 301 302 304 305 305 305 306 309 309

Techniques 11.6.3 Token Ring 11.6.4 Fiber Distributed Data Interface LAN Interworking via Spanning Devices 11.7.1 Repeaters 11.7.2 LAN Bridges 11.7.3 Routers 11.7.4 Hubs and Switching Hubs Review Exercises References

309 319 322 327 327 327 330 330 331 332

Enterprise Networks II: Wide Area Networks 12.1 Wide Area Network Deployment 12.1.1 Introductory Comments

333

11.7

Chapter 12

xiii

333 333

xiv

CONTENTS

12.2

Packet Data Communications Based on CCITT Rec. X.25 12.2.1 Introduction to CCITT Rec. X.25 12.2.2 X.25 Architecture and Its Relationship to OSI 12.2.3 Tracing the Life of a Virtual Call 12.3 TCP/ IP and Related Protocols 12.4 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 12.4.1 Background and Objectives 12.4.2 ISDN Structures 12.4.3 User Access and Interface Structures 12.4.4 ISDN Protocols and Protocol Issues 12.4.5 ISDN Networks 12.4.6 ISDN Protocol Structures 12.4.7 Primary Rate Interfaces 12.4.8 Overview of Layer 2, ISDN D-Channel, LAPD Protocol 12.4.9 Overview of Layer 3 12.4.10 ISDN Packet Mode Review 12.5 Speeding Up the Network: Frame Relay 12.5.1 Rationale and Background 12.5.2 Genesis of Frame Relay 12.5.3 Introduction to Frame Relay Operation 12.5.4 Frame Structure 12.5.5 Traffic and Billing on a Frame Relay Network 12.5.6 Congestion Control: A Discussion 12.5.7 Quality of Service Parameters Review Exercises References Chapter 13

CCITT 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4

13.5 13.6

13.7

336 336 336 343 344 352 352 353 354 356 358 359 362 363 367 368 371 371 373 374 375 000 378 380 381 383

Signaling System No. 7

385

Introduction Overview of SS No. 7 Architecture SS No. 7: Relationship to OSI Signaling System Structure 13.4.1 Signaling Network Management Signaling Data Link Layer (Layer 1) Signaling Link Layer (Layer 2) 13.6.1 Basic Signal Unit Format 13.6.2 Error Detection 13.6.3 Error Correction 13.6.4 Flow Control 13.6.5 Basic Signal Unit Format Signaling Network Functions and Messages (Layer 3) 13.7.1 Introduction 13.7.2 Signaling Message-Handling Functions

385 386 386 388 390 391 392 392 393 000 394 394 396 396 397

CONTENTS

13.8

13.9

13.10 13.11

13.12

Chapter 14

Signaling Network Structure 13.8.1 Introduction 13.8.2 International and National Signaling Networks Signaling Performance: Message Transfer Part 13.9.1 Basic Performance Parameters 13.9.2 Traffic Characteristics 13.9.3 Transmission Parameters 13.9.4 Signaling Link Delays over Terrestrial and Satellite Links Numbering Plan for International Signaling Point Codes Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) 13.11.1 Introduction 13.11.2 Services Provided by the SCCP 13.11.3 Peer-to-Peer Communication 13.11.4 Connection-Oriented Functions: Temporary Signaling Connections 13.11.5 Structure of the SCCP User Parts 13.12.1 Introduction 13.12.2 Telephone User Part Review Exercises References

Image Communications 14.1 Background and Objectives 14.2 Appreciation of Video Transmission 14.2.1 Additional Definitions 14.3 Composite Signal 14.4 Critical Video Parameters 14.4.1 General 14.4.2 Transmission Standard Level 14.4.3 Other Parameters 14.5 Video Transmission Standards (Criteria for

14.6 14.7

14.8

Broadcasters) 14.5.1 Color Transmission 14.5.2 Standardized Transmission Parameters (Pointto-Point TV) Methods of Program Channel Transmission Transmission of Video over LOS Microwave 14.7.1 Bandwidth of the Baseband and Baseband Response 14.7.2 Preemphasis 14.7.3 Differential Gain 14.7.4 Differential Phase 14.7.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (10 kHz to 5 MHz) 14.7.6 Continuity Pilot TV Transmission by Satellite Relay

xv

398 398 399 400 400 400 400 400 401 402 402 403 403 403 404 405 405 407 409 410 413

413 413 416 417 419 419 419 420 421 421 423 424 424 425 425 425 425 426 426 426

xvi

CONTENTS

14.9

Chapter 15

Digital Television 14.9.1 Introduction 14.9.2 Basic Digital Television 14.9.3 Bit Rate Reduction and Compression Techniques 14.9.4 Overview of the MPEG-2 Compression Technique 14.10 Conference Television 14.10.1 Introduction 14.10.2 pX64 Codec 14.11 Brief Overview of Frame Transport for Video Conferencing 14.11.1 Basic Principle Review Exercises References

427 427 428

Community Antenna Television (Cable Television) 15.1 Objective and Scope 15.2 Evolution of CATV 15.2.1 Beginnings 15.2.2 Early System Layouts 15.3 System Impairments and Performance Measures 15.3.1 Overview 15.3.2 dBmV and Its Applications 15.3.3 Thermal N...