C. Period 7A 1890-1919 Amsco Note Taking Guide (Ch. 21) PDF

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Period 7A: 1898 - 1945 Chapter 21: The Progressive Era, 1901-1917 [431 - 447] Due Date:Tuesday, February 6th -

Most progressives not revolutionaries but shared goals of limiting power of big business, improve democracy, and strengthen social justice Origins of Progressivism - Origins in state reform of 1890s, became national when Theodore Roosevelt sworn in in 1901 - Era lasts through Roosevelt, Taft, and 1st term of Wilson bc WWI diverted attention -

Attitudes and Motives - Who Were the Progressives? - Protestants - Af Ams - Union leaders - Feminists - Progressive- belief that society badly needed changes and gov was proper agency to correct social and economic ills - Urban Middle Class - Steadily grew in late 19th century - Doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, now also office workers, middle managers in banks, manufacturing firms, and other businesses - Professional Class - Take civil responsibilities seriously, some versed in science and stat methods - Professional associations and national businesses that wanted to address corrupt business and gov practices and urban social and economic practices - Religion - Missionary spirit - Protestants against vice and taught social responsibility, care for less fortunate, honesty - Social Gospel popularized by Walter Rauschenbusch - Native born and older srock Ams, from families of older elites felt central role in society had been replaced by industrialists and political machines - Leadership - Theodore Roosevelt And Robert La Follette in Repubs - William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow WIlson in Dems - The Progressives’ Philosophy - Committed to democratic values, shared belief that honest gov and just laws could improve human condition - Pragmatism - Charles Darwin, Origin of Species, evolution, impact beyond justifying accumulation of wealth, thought and reasoning challenged - Romantic transcendentalism changes to pragmatism - William James and John Dewey, defined truth in a way many Ams found appealing, argued good and true couldn’t be known in abstract as fixed and changeless ideals, people should take pragmatic approach, practical, to morals, ideals, and knowledge. Experiment with laws and ideas and test until find something that will create a well functioning democratic society - Enabled people to challenge fixed notions that stood in way of reform, laissez-faire rejected, no rugged individualism

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Scientific Management - Frederick W Taylor, use watch to time output of factory workers, discovered how to organize people to be more efficient- the scientific management system - Progressives believe that gov should be in hands of experts and scientific managers - Objected corruption bc anti-democratic and inefficient Muckrakers - Writers specializing in in depth, investigative stories, scandals of politics, factories, and slums - Term coined by Pres Roosevelt - Origins - Chicago reporter Henry Demarest Lloyd in 1881 wrote articles for Atlantic Monthly attacking practices of Standard Oil Co and RR. Published in book form in 1894 Wealth Against Commonwealth, fully exposed corruption and greed of oil monopoly but failed to suggest how to control it - Magazines - Irish immigrant Samuel Sidney McClure founded McClure’s Magazine in 1893 ran series of muckraking articles by Lincoln Steffens and another by Ida Tarbell - Combined careful research with sensationalism, set standard for deluge of muckraking - McClure’s, Collier’s, and Cosmopolitan competed to outdo their rivals with shocking exposes of political and economic corruption - Books - Most popular series were later published as books - Articles on tenement life by Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives, and Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities also caused a sensation by describing the corrupt deals in politics - Many muckraking books were novels, Theodore Dreiser’s The Financier and The Titan portrayed avarice and ruthlessness of industrialists - Fictional accounts like Frank Norris The Octopus (RR) and The Pit (grain speculation) were often more effective than journalistic accounts at stirring up public demands for gov regulations - Decline of Muckraking - Declined after 1910, writers found it more difficult to top sectionalism of last story, economic pressures from banks and advisers to tone down treatment of business - Corporations more aware of public image and developed field of public relations - Exposed inequalities, educated public about corruption in high places, and prepared way for corrective action

Political Reforms in Cities and States - Progressives believe that given a chance, the majority of voters could elect honest officials instead of corrupt ones backed by political machines -

Voter Participation - Advocated reforms for increasing participation of average citizen in political decision making - Australian, or Secret, Ballot - Political parties could manipulate and intimidate voters by printing lists of party candidates and watching voters drop them in on election day - MA first to adopt this 1888, Australia had it first - 1910, all states adopt - Direct Primaries - Robert La Follette intro new sys bypassing politicians and placing nomination process in hands of citizens in Wisconsin - By 1915, some form of direct primary used in each state

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Overthrew boss rule was limited, politicians began to confused voters and split the anti machine vote, some southern states used white only direct primaries - Direct Election of U.S. Senators - Progressives felt that bc state legis elected them that was why it was all millionaires and big business - Nevada first in 1899 - 1912, 30 states adopt - 1913 it was in the 17th Amend - Initiative, Referendum, and Recall - Amends to state consists offered voters - The initiative so they could compel legis to consider a bill - The referendum so citizens could vote on proposed laws - The recall allows citizens to remove corrupt or unsatis politician from office - 1898 SD adopt initiative and referendum and 1918 WWI ends, 20 states adopted initiative and referendum and 11 states had recall Municipal Reform - CIty bosses with corrupt alliances were first target for Progressives - Toledo, OH 1897, self-made millionaire w/ working origins became mayor and adopted “Golden Rule” as middle name and policy, municipal reform, free kindergarten, night schools, public playgrounds - Tom L Johnson devoted to tax reform and 3 cent trolley fares for Cleveland, mayor from 19011909 he fought for public ownership and operation of the city’s public utilities and services - Controlling Public Utilities - Take utilities out of private companies - By 1915, ⅔ of nation’s cities owned their own water systems - Many also came to own and operate gas lines, electric power plants, and urban transportation systems - Commissions and City Managers - New types of municipal gov - 1900, Galveston TX, first to adopt commission plan of gov, voters elec heads of city depts, not just mayor - Proved more effective than commission plan was a sys in Dayton OH, 1913 that an expert was hired by a city council to direct work of various depts of city gov - By 1923, 300+ cities had adopted manager-council plan State Reform - Battled corporate interests and championed the initiative, referendum, and direct primary - NY, Charles Evans Hughes battled fraudulent insurance comp - CA, Hiram Johnson fought eco and political power of Southern Pacific RR - Wisconsin, Robert La Follette est strong personal following as gov, won passage of “Wisconsin Idea”- series of progressive measures - Direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions to monitor RR, utilities and business - Temperance and Prohibition - Debate on saloons and prohibit alcohol was a sharp divide - Urban progressives recog that saloons were HQ of political machines but they had little sympathy for temperance movement - Rural reformers thought they could clean up morals and politics by banning liquor - The drys (prohibitionists) were determined and organized - 1915, ⅔ of state legis were persuaded to ban sale of alcohol

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Social Welfare - Efforts of settlement house workers and other civic-minded volunteers - Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, others found they needed political support in legis to meet needs of immigrants and working class - Lobbied hard, had success for better schools, juvenile courts, divorce laws, and safety regulations for tenements and factories - Believed that criminals could become citizens, they fought for parole system, separate reformaries for juveniles, and limits on death penalty Child and Women Labor - Most outraged over child labor - National Child Labor Committee and child labor laws passed in 1907 - State compulsory school attendance laws were most effective - Florence Kelley and National Consumers’ League promoted state laws to protect women from long hours - 10 hr workday blocked by Lochner v New York (1905) - Muller v Oregon (1908) court ruled women needed protection from long hours - Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) in NYC killed 146, sparked women’s activism and motivated states to pass laws to improve safety and working conditions - Consequence was that legis kept women out of physically demanding but higher paying jobs in mining and industry. They later wanted these restrictions lifted so they were equal to men

Political Reform in the Nation - Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson brought reform and regulations -

Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal - Believed Pres should do more than lead exec dept, should set legis agenda for Congress - “Square Deal” for Labor - Roosevelt didn’t favor business or labor, insisted on Square Deal - Coal Worker strike in 1902, called union and management to WH, threatened to send fed troops to the mine, owner agreed to 10%wage increased and 9 hr workday - Trust Busting - Enforced Sherman Antitrust Act - Wanted to bust Northern Securities Comp that had RRs, Standard Oil Co, and others - Made distinction between breaking up bad trusts (harm public and stifle competition) and regulating good trusts (efficient and low prices dominate market) - Railroad Regulation - Pass laws to strengthen reg powers of Interstate Commerce Commission - Elkins Act (1903) ICC stop RR from granting rebated to favored customers - Hepburn Act (1906) ICC could fix rates for RR - Consumer Protection - The Jungle inspired regulation laws - Pure Food and Drug Act to forbid manufacture, sale, transportation of adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs - Meat Inspection Act provided fed inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure they meet sanitation standards - Conservation - Roosevelt loved wilderness and outdoor life, championed conservation - Protect natural resources - Made use of Forest Reserve Act of 1891 to set aside 150 million acres to be nat reserve

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1902, won passage of Newlands Reclamation Act to provide money for sale of public land for irrigation projects 1908, hosted WH Conference of Governors to promote coordinated conservation planning, Nat Conservation Commission est under Gifford Pinchot of Penn, who was director of US Forest Service

Taft’s Presidency - More Trust-Busting and Conservation - Prosecuted US steel, including a merger approved by TR, TR viewed it as a personal attack on his integrity - Est Bureau of Mines, added large tracts in Appalachians to nat forest reserves, set aside fed oil lands - Mann-Elkins Act of 1910- ICC could suspend new RR rates and oversee phone, telegraph, and cable comp - 16th Amend- income tax, only applied to wealthy - Split in the Republican Party - Payne-Aldrich Tariff: - 1908 campaign, Taft promised to lower tariff, but Conservatives in Congress passed Payne-Aldrich Tariff in 1909, which raised tariff on imports - Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy: - Progressives like Pinchot and didn’t respect Ballinger after he opened lands in Alaska for private development - Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination - House Speaker Joe Cannon: - Taft angered progressives when he failed to support effort to reduce dictatorial powers of the Speaker of the House, Joseph Cannon - Midterm Election: - Taft openly supported conservatives in the midterm, progressives easily defeated conservatives, caused a split in the party Rise of the Socialist Party - Dedicated to social welfare of the working class , more radical reforms, public ownership of RR, utilities, and oil and steel industries - Eugene V. Debs - Founder, was Pres candidate in 5 elections, former railway union leader, adopted socialism in jail for Pullman strike - Influence - Public ownership of utilities, 8 hr workday, pensions for employees Election of 1912 - Candidates - Taft for Repubs bc the party excluded TR’s delegates from their convention - Progressive Repubs- TR- Bull Moose - Woodrow Wilson- Dems - Eugene V Debs- Socialist - Campaign - Taft wasn’t popular, Debs was too radical - TR vs Wilson - TR- New Nationalism- gov regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage, social welfare - Wilson- New Freedom- reform by ending corruption, receive competition w/ small businesses, and limit big business and big gov

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Results - Wilson won bc Repubs split - New Nationalism had lasting effect- strong gov regulations helping people Woodrow Wilson’s Progressive Program - Idealistic, intellectual, righteous, inflexible - Believe Pres should lead Congress and appeal directly to the people to rally support for legis program - Inaugural address- New Freedom, bring back free and fair comp in economy, attacked tariffs, banking, and trusts - Tariff Reduction - Underwood Tariff in 1913, lowered tariff rates, graduated income tax - Banking Reform - Gold standard inflexible and banks shouldn’t serve Wall Street - Rejected nat bank - Federal Reserve Board w/ 12 districts - Federal Reserve Act of 1914, federal reserve notes (dollars) - Business Regulation - Clayton Antitrust Act - Strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act to break up monopolies, excused unions from being prosecuted as trusts - Federal Trade Commision - Investigate and take action against unfair trades in everything except banking and transportation - Other Reform - Federal Farm Loan Act - 12 regional federal farm loan banks to provide loans w/ low interest - Child Labor Act - Prohibited shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14, later found to be Unconstitu in 1918 in Hammer v Dagenhart

African Americans in the Progressive Era - Segregation since Plessy v Ferguson in North and South - Pres Wilson allowed the segregation of federal workers and buildings - Thousands of blacks lynched by racist mobs - Most saw other reforms more important than anti lynching laws -

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Two Approaches: Washington and DuBois - Washington’s Stress on Economics - Head of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama - Argued that blacks’ needs for education and economic progress were of foremost importance, should concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages - Only after est secure economic base, they could get political and social equality - Born into slavery - Du Bois’ Stress on Civil Rights - Northerner w/ education - Distinguished scholar and writer - The Souls of Black Folk, criticized Booker T Washington’s approach - Demanded equal rights, argued that political and social rights were way to economic indep The Great “Migration” - End of 19th cent, 9/10 Af Ams lived in the South

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1910-1930 moved north for jobs Motivated by - Deteriorating race relations - Destruction of cotton crops by boll weevil - Job opportunities in Northern factories from when white men drafted in WWI - 1930s migration slowed bc Great Depression - 1940-1970, 4 million Af Ams move North bc WWII Civil Rights Organizations - 1905, W.E.B. Du Bois help form Niagara Movement, program of protest and action, equal rights - 1908, Du Bois and other Niagara Movement members found NAACP, abolish all forms of segregation and increase edu opportunities - 1920 NAACP was largest civil rights organization, 100K - 1911, National Urban League helps people migrate from South to North, self-reliance and economic advancement

Women, Suffrage, and the Progressive Movement - 1900, older gen had passed torch to younger gen - Sought allies among male Progressives - Pres Wilson refused to support nat amend until late in presidency -

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The Campaign for Women’s Suffrage - Carrie Chapman Catt, new pres of NAWSA in 1900 - Argued for vote to broaden democracy, empower women, enable them to more actively care for families - Wanted an amendment - Militant Suffragists - Mass pickets, parades, hunger strikes - Led by Alice Paul of NJ broke from NAWSA in 1916 to form National Woman’s Party - Wanted support of congress and pres for amendment - Nineteenth Amendment (1920) - Efforts of women in WWI persuaded congress for an amendment - Nineteenth Amend in 1920 - Carrie Chapman Catt organized League of Women voters to keep voters informed Other Issues - Margaret Sanger advocated birth-control edu among poor - Developed into Planned Parenthood - Edu equality, liberalizing marriage and divorce laws, reduce discrimination in business and professions, recognize women’s rights to own prop

Historical Perspectives: Reform or Reaction?...