C. Period 5 1844 - 1877 Amsco Note Taking Guide (Ch. 12) PDF

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Period 5: 1848 - 1877 Chapter 12: Territorial and Economic Expansion, 1830-1860 [230 - 240] Due Date: FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 17TH

Manifest destiny: the popular belief that the US had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across North America - Driven by nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, and reform ideals Conflicts Over Texas, Maine, and Oregon -

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Texas - 1823 Mexico hopes to xr settlers to farm the N park-Texas - Moses Austin obtained large land grant in Texas and passed it to son Stephen Austin - Brought 300 families to TX and began steady migration to area - 1830: Americans outnumbered Mexicans in TX 3:1 - 1829: Mexico outlawed slavery and required all immigrants to convert to Roman Catholicism - Friction developed, settlers refused to obey laws, and Mexico closed TX to additional American immigrants - Immigrants ignored prohibition and steady immigration - Revolt and Independence - 1834: General Antonio López de Santa Anna made himself dictator of Mexico - Abolished federal system of govn - The change intensified the conflict - When Santa Anna tried to enforce laws in TX Sam Houston led a revolt and declared TX to be an independent republic (March 1836) - Santa Anna led army and attacked the Alamo in San Antonio killing all Americans - Battle of the San Jacinto River, general Santa Anna was captured - Santa Anna forced to sign treaty that recognized independence for TX and granted them all territory N of the Rio Grande - Mexican legislature rejected treaty and said TX still part of Mexico - Annexation Denied - Houston applied to US gov for country to be annexed (added) as a new state - Jackson and Van Buren put off request b/c of political opposition of Northerners to expansion of slavery and b/c of the potential five slave states that could be created out of the TX territories - Threat of costly war w/ Mexico didn’t help annexation process - John Tyler tried to annex TEXAS but Senate rejected treaty of annexation (1844) Boundary Dispute in Maine - 1840s: conflict between rial groups of lumbermen on the Maine-Canadian border erupted into open fighting - Aroostook War or “battle of the maps” - Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 resolved conflict (US Webster, British Ashburton) - Disputed territory was split between Maine and British Canada - Settled boundary of MN and left iron-rich Mesabi range on US border side Boundary Dispute in Oregon - Oregon territory claimed by Spain, Russia, Great Britain, and US - Spain gave up claim in the Adams-Onís Treaty - British based claim on Hudson Fur Co.’s profitable fur trade w/ American Indians - 1846: less than 1,000 British in territory

US based claim on discovery of the Columbia River by Capt. Robert Gray (1742), the overland expedition to the Pacific Coast by Lewis and Clark (1805), and the fur trading post and fort in Astoria, Oregon (est. by John Jacob Astor 1811) - “Oregon fever” in 1840s caused 5,000 Americans to travel over Oregon Trail to settle area south of Columbia river to farm fertile soil - 1844: many believed it was manifest destiny to take possession of all of Oregon and annex Republic of TX - Expansionists hoped to persuade Mexico to give up California province - 1845: Mexican California had small population w/ some American Indians as well but American immigrants arrived in sufficient numbers “to play the TX game” The Election of 1844 - Northerners opposed annexation of TX b/c slavery would be legal there - Martin Van Buren opposed immediate annexation (led Northern wing of Democratic party) - John C. Calhoun was pro-slavery and pro-annexation (led Southern wing of Democratic party) - Democratic convention in deadlock so Democrats nominated a dark horse- James K. Polk TN - Committed to expansion and manifest destiny, favored annexation of TEXAS, reoccupation of all of Oregon, and acquisition of CA - Slogan “54° 40’ or flight!” appealed to westerners and Southern expansionists (line between Oregon Territory and Russia Alaska) - Henry Clay of KT (Whig)- on both sides of TX annexation decision (started no, later for it) - Alienated group of voters in NY (went to support anti slavery Liberty party) - James K. Polk elected Annexing Texas and Dividing Oregon - Outgoing pres John Tyler persuaded both houses of Congress to pass a joint resolution for annexation (required simple majority in both houses) - Left Polk w/ the problem of dealing with Mexico’s reaction to annexation - Polk compromised w/ Britain and settled for southern half of Oregon - Agreed to divide Oregon territory at 49th parallel - 1846: senate reluctantly passed the treaty to compromise - Some Northerners viewed treaty as sellout to Southern interests b/c it removed British Columbia as a source of potential free states - US didn’t want to deal with war with Britain and Mexico -

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War with Mexico - Polk dispatched John Slidell to persuade Mexico to sell CA and New Mexico territories to US and settled the disputed Mexico-Texas border→ Failed -

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Immediate Causes of the War - Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to move army toward Rio Grande river across territory claimed by Mexico (while Slidell waited for Mexico City’s response) - April 24, 1846: Mexican army crossed Rio Grande and captured US army patrol (killed 11) - Polk used incident to justify sending already prepared war message to Congress - Northern Whigs opposed going to war and doubted Polk’s claim that American blood had been shed on US soil - Large majority of house approved war resolution anyways Military Campaigns - General Stephen Kearney took Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and southern California - Relatively small fighting forced used - John C. Frémont overthrew Mexican rule in northern CA (June 1846) and claimed CA to be independent republic with a bear flag (Bear Flag Republic) - Zachary Taylor’s force drove Mexican army from TX, crossed Rio Grande, and won major

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victory at Buena Vista (Feb 1847) - General Winfield Scott invaded central Mexico and took coastal city of Vera Cruz, and later captured Mexico City in Sept 1847 Consequences of the War 1846-1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) - Negotiated by US diplomat Nicholas Trist provided that… - Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of TX - US took possession of former Mexican province of California and New Mexico (the Mexican Cession); US paid $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of US citizens against Mexico - Whigs opposed treaty b/c saw war as immoral effort to expand slavery - Some Southern Democrats disliked treaty b/c wanted US to take all of Mexico - Wilmot Proviso - 1846: PA congressman David Wilmon proposed an appropriations bill be amended to forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico - Wilmot Proviso- passed house twice but stopped by Senate - Believed to allude to civil war - Prelude to Civil War? - Acquisition of western lands renewed sectional debate over extension of slavery - Northerners viewed Mexican War as part of Southern plot to extend the “slave power” Manifest Destiny to the South - South was dissatisfied with territorial gains from Mexican war and in early 1850s hoped to gain Cuba and other areas of Latin America - Ostend Manifesto - Polk offered to purchase Cuba from Spain for $100 million but Spain refused to sell last major part of once glorious empire - Some Southern adventurers tried to take Cuba by force - Forays easily defeated and participants executed by Spanish firing squads - Franklin Pierce elected to presidency in 1852 - Adopted proSouthern policies and dispatched 3 diplomats to Ostend, Belgium to secretly negotiate to buy Cuba from Spain - Ostend Manifesto was leaked to US press and provoked angry reaction from anti slavery members of Congress - Forced to drop scheme - Walker Expedition - Southern adventurer WIlliam Walked had tried unsuccessfully to take Baja CA from Mexico in 1853 - Took over Nicaragua in 1855 - Regime gained temporary recognition from US in 1856 - Scheme to develop proslavery Central American empire collapsed when coalition of Central American countries invaded and defeated him - Executed by Honduran authorities in 1860 - Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) - American ambition to build canal through Central America (British held same ambition) - GB and US agreed to Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850 - Provided that neither nation would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America - Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 gave US free hand to build a canal w/out British participation

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Gadsden Purchase - President Pierce added strip of land to US Southwest for railroad - 1853: Mexico agreed to sell land to US for $10 million - Gadsden Purchase- led to formation of southern AZ and NM Expansion After the Civil War - 1855-1870: issues of union, slavery, civil war, and postwar reconstruction overshadowed expansionist drive - Manifest destiny still important to shape US policy - 1867 purchase of Alaska during reconstruction from civil war

Settlement of the Western Territories - Earnest migration of Americans to Oregon and California - The Great American Desert: arid area between the MI Valley and Pacific Coast (1850s-1860s) - CA and OR settled decades before people attempted to farm the Great Plains (overpassed) -

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Fur Trader’ Frontier - Aka mountain men: earliest non native individuals to open the Far West - 1820s: located in Rockies w/ Indians to trade for animal skins - Provided much of early info about trials and frontier conditions to later settlers - James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith Overland Trails - After mountain men large group of pioneers made dangerous journey went to clear forests and farm the fertile valleys of CA and OR - 1860: many thousands reached territories - Typical trek: began in St. Joseph or Independence, Missouri, or in Council Bluffs, Iowa→ through Great Plains→ Rockies→ through mountain passes of the Sierras and Cascades before heavy snow arrived - Most common/serious dangers were disease and depression from harsh conditions on trail Mining Frontier - 1848: discovery of gold in CA set off first of many migrations to mineral-rich mountains of west - Gold or silver rushes in CO, NA, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories - Mining boom brought tens of thousands of people into western mountains - Mining camps and towans popped up where a strike was reported - California’s population soared Farming Frontier - Most pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and farm - Congress’ Preemption Acts of 1830s and 1840s - Gave squatters right to settle public lands and purchase them for low prices once gov put them up for sale - Gov made it easier for settlers by offering smaller plots of land - Expensive trip west, mostly middle-class movement - Isolation of frontier made pioneer life difficult early on, but rural communities soon developed - Schools, churches, clubs, and political parties modeled after East or native lands Urban Frontier - Western cities that arose b/c of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming attracted professionals and business owners - San Francisco and Denver (gold and silver rushes), or Salt Lake City (supplied travelers on westward journeys)

The Expanding Economy - Era of territorial expansion coincided w/ period of high economic growth from 1840s to 1857

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Industrial Technology - After 1840: industrialization spread to other states of Northeast (other than New England) - Factory production included shoes, sewing machines, clothing, firearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads and other new technologies - Elias Howe invented the sewing machine - Samuel F.B. Morse invented an electric telegraph 1844 - Sped up communication and coincided w/ railroads to speed up transportation across country Railroads - Rapid expansion of rail lines especially in Northeast and Midwest - America’s largest industry, and required immense amounts of capital and labor - Local merchants and farmers often bought stocks in railroad co. - Local and state govs granted special loans and tax breaks to help railroads grow - 1850: US gov granted 2.6 million acres to build Illinois Central Railroad from Lack Michigan to Gulf of Mexico (1st federal land grant) - Cheap and rapid transportation promoted western agriculture - More closely linked to Northeast by rail than by river routes to South - United common commercial interests of Northeast and Midwest and gave North strategic advantages in Civil War Foreign Commerce - Growth in manufactured goods and agricultural products caused large growth of exports and imports - Other factors played a role in expansion of US trade mid-1800s: 1. Shipping firms encouraged trade and travel across Atlantic by having regular departure schedules 2. Demand for whale oil to light homes caused a whaling boom 1830-1860 (New England merchants took the lead) 3. Improvements in design of ships cut travel time down (especially for travel to gold fields) 4. Steamships took place of clipper ships mid-1850s b/c of increased storage capacity, maintenance at a lower cost, and could more easily follow a regular schedule 5. Federal gov expanded US trade by sending Commodore Matthew C. Perry to Japan to force them to open ports to US trade. 1854-treaty forcibly signed to make japan open two ports to US trading vessels - Panic of 1857 - Mid Century economic boom ended w/ financial panic of 1857 - Prices dropped sharply for farmers and unemployment in Northern cities increased - South less affected b/c cotton remained high - Led to S believing they didn’t need the N and their plantation economy was superior

Historical Perspectives: What caused manifest destiny?...