B. Period 5 1844 - 1877 Amsco Note Taking Guide (Ch. 9) PDF

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Period 5: 1844 - 1877 Chapter 9: Sectionalism, 1820-1860 [173 - 183] Due Date: WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 15TH

The North - Composed of northeast (New England and Middle Atlantic states) and the old Northwest (area from Ohio to Minnesota) - N states bound by transportation routes and rapid economic growth from farming and industry -

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The Industrial Northeast - 1830s: factories producing wide range of goods - Organized Labor - Farmers and artisans→ factory workers - Unions and local parties organized to protect interests - Briefly in 1830s workers joined unions and participated in strikes - Massachusetts S.C. ruled that “peaceful unions” had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers in Commonwealth v. Hunt - Improvements for workers were limited by periodic depressions, employers and courts that were hostile to unions, and an abundant supply of cheap immigrant labor. - Urban Life - North held large portion of the population (5% 1800-15% 1850) - Led to crowded housing, poor sanitation, diseases, and high rates of crime - Opportunities in cities from Industrial Revolution continued to attract Americans from farms and immigrants from Europe - African Americans - “Freedom” meant that they could have family and sometimes land, but didn’t allow economic or political equality - Couldn’t vote, and kept from holding jobs in most skilled professions and crafts - Immigrants displaced them from past jobs - Often hired as strikebreakers for short periods of work The Agricultural Northwest - States W of Alleghenies (Ohio-1803, Indians-1816, Illinois-1818, Michigan-1837, Wisconsin1848, and Minnesota-1858 - Northwest Ordinance 1787: Procedure for turning territories into states - Early: largely unsettled, relied on Mississippi river - Mid-century: closely tied to other N states by military campaigns by federal troops driving Indians from land, and b/c building of canals and railroads establishing common markers between Great lakes and East Coast - Agriculture - Corn and wheat crops profitable - Steel plow and mechanical reaper; less hired labor needed - Crop used to feed animals, and supply distillers and brewers with grain for alcohol - New Cities - Towns grew into big cities after 1820 b/c of location at key transportation points - Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago on Great Lakes, Cincinnati on Ohio River, and St. Louis on MS river - Cities used as transfer points of processing farm products for shipment to E, and distributing manufactured goods from E to region Immigration

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Sudden increase in immigration in 1832 1830s-1850s: 4 million immigrants came from N Europe and went mainly to Old NW, farms, and cities (few went to south) Surge in immigration 1830-1860 result of: - Development of inexpensive and rapid ocean transportation - Famines and revolutions in Europe that drove people from their homelands - Growing reputation of US as country offering economic opportunities and political freedom Immigrants strengthened economy by proving steady and inexpensive labor and increased demand for mass-produced consumer goods Irish - Half of immigrants came from Ireland - Tenant farmers driven by potato crop failures and potato famine in 1840s - Arrival w/ limited interest in farming, few special skills, and little money - Discrimination b/c of Roman Catholic religion - Competed with Blacks for domestic work and unskilled laborer jobs - Many joined Democratic party and entered local politics Germans - 1 million - Immigration b/c economic hardships and failure of democratic revolutions in 1848 - Modest means of money and considerable skills as farmers and artisans - Established homesteads throughout Old NW in search of cheap, fertile farmland - Limited political influence to start - Supported public education and strongly opposed slavery Nativists - Native born Americans scared that immigrants would take their jobs and weaken the culture on the Anglo majority - Rated most strongly against foreigners - Many Protestants who distrusted Roman Catholicism of Irish and Germans - 1840s: opposition to immigrants led to rioting in big cities and organization of secret antiforeign society (the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner) - Politics in 1850s-nominated candidates for the Know-Nothing party (American p.) - Faded after N and S divided over slavery issue (still fairly present)

The South - 15 states, all but DE, MD, KT, and MO seceded and joined Confederacy -

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Agriculture and King Cotton - Agriculture foundation of S economy and small factories in 1850s produced 15% of US manufactured goods - COTTON, tobacco, rice, and sugarcane - Textile mills + cotton gin = affordable cotton for world - Cotton growth expanded farther west to AB, MS, LA, and TX from SC and GA - “Cotton is King” - 1850s: cotton ⅔ of US exports and linked South and Great Britain Slavery, the “Peculiar Institution” - Colonial times; justified slavery as economic necessity - 19th century: apologists for slavery held historical and religious arguments to support that slavery was good for slave and master - Population - Cotton boom responsible for 4x increase in slaves

1800 1 million→ 1860 4 million (most slave increase from natural growth but some smuggled illegally in violation of 1808 law prohibiting it) - S legislatures added increased restrictions on movement and education to slave codes b/c feared slave revolts - Economics - Slaves labored in fields, learned skilled crafts, worked as house servants, in factories and on construction gangs - Slaves sold from Upper South to cotton-rich Deep South - Heavy capital investment in slaves b/c S had much less capital than the North to undertake industrialization - Slave Life - Hard, nearly hopeless circumstances for slaves - Slaves still maintained strong sense of family and religious faith - Resistance - Slaves contested status through primarily work slowdowns, sabotage and escape, and a few major slave uprisings - Denmark Vesey led one in 1822, and Nat Turner led another in 1831 - Revolts quickly and violently suppressed but gave hope to enslaved Africans, drove S states to tighten already strict slave codes, and demonstrated the evils of slavery to many - Polarized country by making slaveholders more defensive ab slavery and nonslaveholders more critical of it Free African Americans - 1860: approx. 250,000 Blacks in S not slaves but “free” (restricted) citizens - Number emancipated during American Revolution]Some mulatto children liberated by white fathers - Some achieved freedom through self-purchase - Most freed southern blacks lived in cities where could own property - Not equal w/ whites, couldn’t vote, barred from entering certain occupations, and danger of being kidnapped by slave traders - Remained in South b/c near family, South home, and North didn’t offer better opportunities White Society - Hierarchy: Aristocratic planters on top, poor farmers and mountain people at bottom - Aristocracy - South small elite owned at least 100 slaves and 1,000 acres - Planter aristocracy maintained power by dominating state legislatures of S and enacting laws favoring their economic interests - Farmers - Vast majority of slaveholders owned less than 20 slaves and worked on several hundred acres - Produced bulk of cotton crop, worked in fields w/ slaves, and lived as modestly as northern farmers - Poor Whites - ¾ of S white population owned no slaves, couldn’t afford rich farmland controlled by planters, and many lived in hills as subsistence farmers - “Hillbillies” or “poor white trash” - Defended the slave system thinking to own slaves in future, and b/c better on social scale to slaves - Mountain People -

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Small farmers who lived in frontier conditions in isolation from South along slopes and valleys of Appalachian and Ozark mountains Disliked planters and slaves Remained loyal to union during Civil War (Andrew Johnson of TN)

- Cities - Limited need for major cities b/c primarily agricultural region - New Orleans only in 1860 - Atlanta, Charleston, Chattanooga, and Richmond important trading centers, but had small populations comparatively to North Southern Thought - Cotton basis of economy, slavery focus of political thought - White southerners increasingly isolated and defensive ab slavery, as northerns grew hostile ab it - GB, France and other European nations outlawed slavery - Code of Chivalry - Largely feudal society b/c dominated by aristocratic planter class - Southern gentlemen ascribed to code of chivalrous conduct - Strong sense of personal honor, defense of womanhood, and paternalistic attitudes toward inferior people (especially slaves) - Education - Upper class valued college education for children - Professions for gentlemen limited to farming, law, ministry, and military - For lower classes schooling mostly not available past elementary grades - Slaves strictly prohibited by law from receiving any instruction in reading or writing to reduce risk of slave revolts - Religion - Slavery question affected church membership - Methodist and Baptist churches preached biblical support for slavery - Gained membership in South while splitting in 1840s with northerners - Unitarians challenged slavery and faced declining membership and hostility from South - Catholics and Episcopalians took neutral stand on slavery, and numbers declined in S

The West - Changing definition of west - 1600s: West included all lands not along Atlantic Coast; 1700s included lands on other side of Appalachian Mountains; Mid-1800s meant lands beyond Mississippi River and reached to California and Oregon Territory on Pacific Coast -

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American Indians - Exodus - 1850, most Indians living west of MS river - In east, had been killed by disease, died in battles, emigrated reluctantly, or forced to leave lands by treaty or military action - Great Plains provided only temporary respite from conflict w/ whites - Life on the Plains - Some tribes lived in villages and farmed - Horses allowed tribes such as the Sioux and Cheyenne to become nomadic hunters following buffalo - Could more easily move away from advancing settlers or oppose encroachments by force The Frontier

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Concept of frontier remained the same through many generations West representated possibility of a fresh start for people West beckoned as a place promising greater freedom for all ethnic groups: American indians, African Americans, European Americans, and Asian Americans - Mountain Men - Rocky Mountains in 1820s viewed as far-distant frontier for whites - Earliest whites in area followed Lewis and Clark and explored Indian trails and trapped for furs - Mountain men served as guides and pathfinders for settlers crossing mountains into California and Oregon in 1840s White Settlers on the Western Frontier - Disease and malnutrition bigger threats than attacks by American Indians - Women - Women performed tasks of a doctor, teacher, seamstress, cook, and farming assistant - Isolation, endless work, and rigors of childbirth led to a short lifespan for frontier women - Environmental Damage - Exhausted soil and forests of new land - Trappers and hunters brought the beaver and buffalo to the brink of extinction

Historical Perspectives: What was the nature of slavery?

Chapter 9 ... one of the primary reasons to form a union during this period was to A. Improve working conditions Workers in the 1820s faced difficulty because of problems with A. Transportation As described in this excerpt, which if the following would be a benefit to business owners from having a union?

B. Individuals would develop better skills Which of the following caused the movement described in the excerpt? B. Immigration The opposition of foreigners is most similar to the view that many had toward which of the following in America at this time? A. Free african americans The development of which of the following best demonstrates the growing power of the nativist movement in the mid 19th century? D. Political party The crop that best fits Downing's description as one of the great staples in the mid 19th century america was D. Cotton Commercial farming expanded rapidly in the Northwest by mid-century primarily because of B. Transportation improvements Chapter 12 Winthrop suggests that Polk's slogan of "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!" was based mainly on which of the following attitudes? Polk hoped to get political benefit Which of the following did Winthrop offer as a final way to settle the Oregon question? the two countries should submit their claims to arbitration President Polk accepted a compromise with Britain on the Oregon dispute because? The United States was facing problems with Mexico Which period was the peak of manifest destiny? 1842-1853 One attempt to prevent slavery in the territories was the? Wilmot Proviso By going to war, the United States gained the territory labeled as the? Mexican Cession Chapter 13 According to this diary entry, President Polk felt pressure to accept the treaty with Mexico for which of the following reasons? He believed the Whigs would not support more aggressive expansion President Polk was motivated to reject the treaty with Mexico because of which of the following? Many Southerners wanted the United States to get larger gains in territory To which politicians is Clay directing the last line of the excerpt? Southerners who were threatening to secede. Which of the following parts of the Compromise of 1850 was the most appealing to the South? Passing a new Fugitive Slave Law Which of the following parts of the Compromise of 1850 was the most appealing to the North? Admitting California as a free state Which of the following ideas is Douglas appealing to when he says, "whether the people of the territories shall be allowed to do as they please upon the question of slavery"?

Popular sovereignty An increase in which of the following was the key part of the Kansas-Nebraska Act to attract Southern support? Popular sovereignty Chief Justice Taney's basic ruling in the Dred Scott case was based on which of the following principles? Since slaves were property, they could not sue Northerners were most upset by the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision because? The decision allowed slavery in the territories Which of the following acts of Congress was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott decision? Missouri compromise of 1820 Chapter 14 President Lincoln delayed issuing an Emancipation Proclamation because of his concern that it would? cause the border states to secede To issue an Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln felt that he needed which of the following? A military victory Strong's statement that the British feared "diminishing the supply of breadstuffs on which her operatives depend" explains why he thinks the British? Depended as much on trade with the Union as with the Confederacy Which of the following describes a reason not mentioned by Strong in this excerpt that ultimately stopped Britain from recognizing the Confederacy? Opposition from the British working class The Union was most disturbed because they believed that Britain was supporting the Confederates by doing which of the following? Building warships In July of 1861, President Lincoln was particularly concerned about how his policies on slavery would affect which areas? The states in white because they were slave states that remained in the Union Which of the following statements best describes the states in medium gray? They included most of the country's population Which of the following statements best describes the states in dark gray? They had a strong military tradition Chapter 15 Which of the following would in part cause Douglass' view that for African Americans, "citizenship is but a sham"? Black Codes Which best provides an example of how the "Constitution and its righteous laws," according to Douglass, provide hope for the "colored people of this country'? Civil Rights Act of 1866 Which of the following developed during Reconstruction to provide direct support and

support self-determination for those freed from slavery? Black churches In proclaiming that all persons born in the United States were citizens, the 14th Amendment directly repudiated which of the following? Dred Scott Decision For future Supreme Courts, one of the key points of the 14th Amendment would be which of the following? "nor deny ... equal protection of the laws" by the 1876 presidential election, federal troops remained in which of the following Southern states? Florida The victor in the 1876 presidential election was decided by? A special electoral commission Democrats agreed to accept Rutherford B. Hayes as president in 1876 in part if he agreed to which of the following? to remove federal troops from the South...