D. Period 5 1844-1877 Vocabulary PDF

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Period 5: 1844-1877 Brinkley Ch. 11-15 & AMSCO Ch. 12-15

Unit Vocabulary

Directions: Identify each term and be prepared to turn in for a formative grade on __. If you don’t find them in the book or the book doesn’t give you enough info then look it up online. These terms appear on the APUSH Course Description. Term Manifest Destiny Mexican-American War

Homestead Act

Identification / Definition 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. Also known as the Mexican War and in Mexico the American intervention in Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States from 1846 to 1848. Encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.

Pacific Railway Act / Transcontinental Railroad

Promoted the construction of a "transcontinental railroad" (the Pacific Railroad) in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

old immigrants

Germans and Scandinavians from Western Europe who came before the 1880's. They discriminated against the "new immigration" and considered themselves "natives." The mixing of the other Europeans would tarnish their true AngloSaxon heritage

nativism

Policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

free labor

The free labor ideology of the nineteenth century was grounded in the beliefs that Northern free labor was superior to Southern slave labor. The key factor that made this system unique was “the opportunity it offers wage earners to rise to propertyowning independence.”

“the peculiar institution”

Euphemism for slavery and its economic ramifications in the American South. "Peculiar", in this expression, means "one's own"

free-soil movement

A single-issue party, its main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. ... The Compromise of 1850 reduced tensions regarding slavery, but some remained in the party.

Underground Railroad

A network of houses and other places that abolitionists used to help slaves escape to freedom in the northern states or in Canada before the Civil War.

states’ rights Mexican Cession

Rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government. Area of the present-day United States that Mexico agreed to give up as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War. This territory included all of the present-day states of California, Nevada, and Utah and also parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.

Compromise of 1850

Senator Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions on January 29, 1850, in an attempt to seek acompromise and avert a crisis between North and South. As part of the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´.

Dred Scott decision

Formally Dred Scott v. John F.A. Sandford, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 6, 1857, ruled (7–2) that a slave (Dred Scott) who had resided in a free state and territory (where slavery was prohibited) was not thereby entitled to his freedom; that African Americans were not and could never be citizens of the United States; and that the Missouri Compromise (1820), which had declared free all territories west of Missouri and north of latitude 36°30′, was unconstitutional. The decision added fuel to the sectional controversy and pushed the country closer to civil war.

Second Party System

Name for the political party system in the United States during the 1800s. ... One was the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson. The other was the Whig Party, started by Henry Clay. The Whig party was made up of members of the National Republican Party and other people who opposed Jackson.

Republican Party

Named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution. Founded by anti-slavery activists, economic modernizers, ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers in 1854, the Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern states for most of the period between 1860 and 1932.

Abraham Lincoln

Self-taught lawyer, legislator and vocal opponent of slavery, was elected 16th president of the United States in November 1860

Election of 1860

American presidential election held on Nov. 6, 1860, in which Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell.

Secession

the action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state. "the republics want secession from the union"

Union

During the American Civil War, the Union referred to the United States of America and specifically to the national / federal / central government of 16th President Abraham Lincoln and the 20 free states

Confederate States of America

On March 11, 1861, the Confederate Constitution of seven state signatories – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas – replaced the February 7 Provisional Confederate States Constitution with one stating in its preamble a desire for a "permanent federal government".

Emancipation Proclamation presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It changed the federal legal status of more than 3 million enslaved people in the designated areas of the South from slave to free.

Gettysburg Address

Delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the Union

armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Sherman’s March

Sherman's March to the Sea, more formally known as the Savannah Campaign, was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 to December 21, 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army.

Reconstruction

Has two senses: the first covers the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War (1861 to 1865); the second sense focuses on the attempted transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress, from states with economies dependent upon slavery, to states in which former slaves were citizens with civil rights

13th Amendment

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. In Congress, it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865

14th Amendment

Ratified in 1868, defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.

15th Amendment

Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".

Radical Republicans

sharecropping

segregation

Wing of the Republican Party organized around an uncompromising opposition to slavery before and during the Civil War and a vigorous campaign to secure rights for freed slaves during Reconstruction. A tenant farmer especially in the southern U.S. who is provided with credit for seed, tools, living quarters, and food, who works the land, and who receives an agreed share of the value of the crop minus charges Enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment....