C9 - chapter 9 PDF

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Chapter 8: Nonverbal Communication -The intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through an individual’s non-spoken physical and behavioral cues -Characteristics of nonverbal communication 1. Nonverbal communication uses multiple channels a. Auditory: voice b. Visual: body language, eye contact, facial expression c. Tactile: touch 2. Nonverbal communication is more ambiguous than verbal communication a. More open to multiple interpretations 3. Nonverbal communication has fewer rules than verbal communication a. No formal instructions on nonverbal communication b. Most nonverbal communication rules are informal norms 4. Nonverbal communication coveys more meaning than verbal communication a. NC makes use of many nonverbal channels b. Mixed messages: when verbal and nonverbal message contradict 5. Nonverbal communication is influenced by culture a. Cultural differences may lead to misunderstandings of particular NC behaviors b. Immersions in a culture to understand the meanings of NC i. Ex: Perceptions of touch, appropriateness of gaze, facial expression 6. Nonverbal communication is influenced by gender a. Women: better at both sending and receiving nonverbal messages i. Show greater facial expressiveness ii. Gaze more at others b. Men: more territorial than women; maintain more physical space between themselves and others Nonverbal Communication Codes 1. Kinesis: refer to visible body movement a. Facial expression: emotional information “a person’s character is clearly written on the face” i. Six primary emotions: happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger b. Eye contact: i. Expressing emotions ii. Regulating turn taking iii. Indicating attentiveness iv. Conveying hostility High culture-dependent: ex: Asian usually demonstrate less eye contact than American c. Gestures: i. Emblems: represent verbal meanings 1

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ii. Illustrators: emphasize verbal messages iii. Regulators: control conversationally turns iv. Adaptors: touching gestures that serve a psychological and physical purpose d. Posture: includes straightness of back, body lean, straightness of shoulders, and head position; communicates 2 primary messages i. Immediacy: the degree to which you find someone interesting and attractive ii. Power: the ability to influence or control other people or events Vocalics: vocal characteristics that have communication value a. Tone: richness and breathiness b. Pitch: impression of people c. Loudness: emphasis d. Speech rate Haptics (touch): 6 types a. Functional-professional touch: letting a doctor to touch you b. Social-polite touch: handshake c. Friendship-warmth touch d. Love-intimacy touch e. Sexual-arousal touch (kiss on the lip) f. Aggressive-hostile touch Cultural  how people use and perceive touching: adopt to the comfort levels of others in going and receiving touch Proxemics: the use of physical distance a. Whether we like that person or not i. 0”-18”-intimate space ii. 18”-4’-personal/casual space iii. 4’-12’-social space (formal space, workspace) iv. 12’+ -public space (lecture setting) b. Culture varies in their norms regarding touch and distance: these differences correlate almost perfectly with latitude and climate i. Cooler climate  low contact ii. Warmer climate  high contact c. Territoriality: the tendency to claim physical spaces Physical appearance: visible attributes such as hair, clothing, body type, and other physical features a. How we looks coveys as much as what we say Artifacts: a. The things we use to express our identity to others; coveys both power and status Environment: the physical features of our surroundings a. 2 types i. Fixed features: stable and unchanging ii. Semi-fixed: are easy to change 2

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