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Physics 2 Capacitors Lab Report...

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1

Ca pa c i t or s OBJECTI VE I nt hi se xpe r i me nt ,y ouwi l li n v e s t i g a t ef un da me nt a lpr ope r t i e sofc a pa c i t or s .Ac a pa c i t ori sade vi c et ha t s t or e sc ha r g e .

THEORY Ac a p a c i t ori sus e dt os t or ec ha r g e .A c a pa c i t orc a nbema dewi t ha n yt woc onduc t or sk e pti ns u l a t e d f r om e a c ho t he r .I ft hec onduc t or sa r ec o nne c t e dt os ou r c epr o vi di n gapo t e nt i a ldi ffe r e nc eV( e . g . ,t ot he opp os i t et e r mi na l sofaba t t e r y) ,t he nt h et woc onduc t or sa r ec ha r g e dwi t he q ua lbu top pos i t ea mountof c ha r g eQ,whi c hi st he nr e f e r r e dt oa st he“ c ha r g ei nt hec a p a c i t or . ”Thea c t ua lne tc ha r g eont he c a pa c i t ori sz e r o.Thec a pa c i t a nc eoft hede vi c ei sde fin e da st hea mou ntofc ha r g eQ s t or e di ne a c h c ondu c t ora f t e rapot e n t i a ldi ffe r e nc eVi sa p pl i e d:

Re a r r a n gi n ggi v e s :

( 1)

Thes i mpl e s tf or mofac a pa c i t orc on s i s t soft wo pa r a l l e lc o nduc t i n gpl a t e s ,e a c hwi t ha r e aA, s e pa r a t e db yad i s t a nc ed. Thec ha r g ei suni f or ml y di s t r i but e dont hes ur f a c eoft hep l a t e s . The c a pa c i t a nc eoft hepa r a l l e l pl a t ec a pa c i t ori sgi v e n b y : Whe r eκi st hedi e l e c t r i cc o ns t a ntoft hei ns ul a t i n gma t e r i a lbe t we e nt hepl a t e s( κ=1f ora v a c uum; ot he rv a l ue sa r eme a s ur e de xpe r i me nt a l l ya ndc a nbef oundi nt a bl e s ) ,a ndε st hepe r mi t t i vi t yc ons t a nt , oi 1 2 ofuni v e r s a lv a l ueε = 8 . 8 5 x 1 0 F / m . T h e S I u n i t o f c a p a c i t a n c e i s t h e F a r a d ( F ) . o Thes y s t e m weus ei smor ec ompl e x .I na ddi t i ont ot het womo v e a bl epa r a l l e lpl a t e s ,t hec onne c t i n g wi r e sa ndt hee l e c t r ome t e ra l s oha v es omec a pa c i t a n c e .Thi sc a p a c i t a nc ei sr ou ghl ye qua lt ot he c a pa c i t a nc eoft hemo v e a bl epl a t e swhe nt h epl a t e sa r e1c ma pa r ta ndc a n notbei gnor e d .I nc l ud i n gt hi s gi v e s :

CAPACITORS Su mme r2 0 20

Ca pa c i t o r s

2 LABREPORT Name ( s ) :N/ A GOAL:( br i e flys t at ewhat e x pe r i me n t ( s )wi l l bep e r f o r me dandwi t hwhatpur po s e ) Theob j e c t i v eoft hi sl a bi st oe xpl or et h ei de aofc a p a c i t a nc ea nd ho wc a pa c i t or swor kb yus i n g t hec a pa c i t orvi r t ua ll a ba swe l la st hec i r c ui tc o ns t r uc t i onl a b .Thepr o gr a msa r ee s s e nt i a l l yus e dt o und e r s t a n dho w apa r a l l e lpl a t ec a pa c i t orwor ks ,t ode t e r mi net hedi e l e c t r i cc o ns t a ntf orvi r t ua lpa pe r us e da st hedi e l e c t r i ci navi r t ua lc a pa c i t or ,t ol e a r nho wc a pa c i t or sc on ne c t e di ns e r i e sa n di npa r a l l e l be ha v e , a ndt ofinde qui v a l e ntc a pa c i t a nc ef orac ompl e xc ombi na t i ono fvi r t ua lc a pa c i t or s .

PROCEDURE 1.Pr ope r t i e sofa c apa c i t or .I nt hi se xpe r i me nty ou wi l lus eaJ a v as i mul a t i on t oi n v e s t i g a t e f unda me nt a lpr ope r t i e sofapa r a l l e lpl a t ec a p a c i t or . Fi ndt hes i mul a t i onont hePh ETs i t e :h t t ps : / / p he t . c o l or a do . e du/ e n/ s i mul a t i on / l e g a c y/ c a pa c i t or l a b. Af t e r t hea ppl e ts t a r t s , y ous houl ds e et hef ol l o wi ngwi n do w. Us i n gt her i ght bo t t om c or ne roft hewi nd o wy ouc a ne n l a r g et he wi nd o w, f orbe t t e rvi s i bi l i t y . A. Char gi ngac a pac i t or . Di s c onne c tBa t t e r y( b yc l i c ki n gont hec ont r ol ) . Unc he c kPl a t eCha r g e s . Che c kVo l t me t e r . At t a c ht her e dpr obet ot het oppl a t ea ndt hebl a c konet o t hebot t ompl a t e . Sl i det hes l i de ront heba t t e r ya l lt hewa ydown. Con ne c tt heb a t t e r y . No wy ous hou l ds e et hef ol l o wi n gpi c t ur e . Che c kt hee l e c t r i cfie l dl i ne sbo x.I nt hes pa c ebe l o w, dr a wt hec a pa c i t ora nds ho ws omee l e c t r i cfie l dl i ne s i ns i dei t . Que s t i on1 .Wha ti st hepol a r i t yoft hec ha r g e sont het o ppl a t eoft hec a p a c i t or ? Thet oppl a t ei sne g a t i v e l yc ha r g e d.Thi si sbe c a us et hee l e c t r i cfie l di sa l wa y sr e a df r om pos i t i v e pl a t et one g a t i v epl a t ei nc a pa c i t or .I nt hegi v e ndi a gr a mt hee l e c t r i cfie l di sf r om bo t t o mt ot op,s ot he l o we rpl a t ei spos i t i v e( +v e )a n dt het oppl a t ei sne g a t i v e( v e ) .Al s owi t hhe l pf r omt hedi gi t a lmul t i me t e r whi c hs ho ws1. 5Vwhe nt her e dpr obei st ouc he dt ot het oppl a t e .

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Ca pa c i t o r s

3 Che c ki nt heVi e wonPl a t eCh a r g e sa n dc he c ky ou ra n s we r .

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Ca pa c i t o r s

4 B.Changi ngar e a. 1)Pr e di c t :whi c hoft heph y s i c a lv a r i a bl e sl i s t e dbe l o w wi l lc ha n g ewhe ny ouc ha ng et hea r e aoft he c a pa c i t orpl a t e s( whi l eke e pi ngt hebat t e r yc onne c t e d) .Ma r ka l lt ha ty out hi nkwi l lc ha ng e . Pr e di c t i on

Ac t ual( c omebac kt ofil lt hi si n)

[✔ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [ ✔ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [ ]Cha r g eont hep l a t e s [✔ ]Cha r g eont hepl a t e s [✔ ]Vol t a g ea c r os st hep l a t e s []Vol t a g ea c r os st hepl a t e s [ ]N ✔e te l e c t r i cfie l db e t we e nt hepl a t e s [ ✔]Ne te l e c t r i cfie l db e t we e nt hepl a t e s [ ]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a p a c i t or [✔ ]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a p a c i t or Pr e di c t :i nwhi c hdi r e c t i onwi l lt hee l e c t r onsbet r a v e l i ngwhi l ey oui nc r e a s et hea r e aoft hep l a t e s ?Che c k y ourpr e di c t i onbe l o w. [✔ ]c l oc kwi s e

[ ]c ount e r c l oc kwi s e

[ ]t he r ewi l lbenomo vi n ge l e c t r ons

Che c ka l lt heme t e r son,l i kei nt hepi c t ur eont her i ght ( y ourba t t e r ys houl dha v et h es l i de ra l l t hewa ydo wn) . Sl o wl yi nc r e a s et hea r e aoft hepl a t e sb ydr a ggi ngt he l i t t l edoubl ea r r o wa wa yf r om t hepl a t e sa ndob s e r v et he c ha ng e s .Fi l li nt het a bl ebe l o w.Che c ky ourpr e di c t i ons a nddi s c us sa n yde vi a t i onsf r om y ourobs e r v a t i onswi t h y ourgr oup.I fy ourme t e rba r sa r eo v e r fil l e d,c l i c kon t os c a l et he mba c k. Pa ya t t e nt i ont ouni t si nt het a bl e ! A d( mm) 2 ( mm )

κ

C( pF)

| V|

| Q| ( pC)

| E| ( V/ m)

U( pJ )

100

10

1

0. 08 85pF

1. 5V

0. 13 28pC

150V/ m

0. 09 96pJ

400

10

1

0. 88 5pF

1. 5V

1. 32 8pC

150V/ m

0. 996p J

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Ca pa c i t o r s

5 Que s t i on2.Wh e nac a pa c i t ori sc onne c t e dt oaba t t e r ya ndy ouh a l v ei t sa r e a ,i na ddi t i ont oc a p a c i t a nc e , whi c hot he rv a r i a bl e s( mor et ha non e )wi l la l s obeha l v e d?Expl a i nt hi sb yr e f e r e nc i n ge qua t i ons .

∊0A/dIfAishalved,Cisalsohalved.

C=

q=CV Vs t a y sc ons t a nt , qi sha l v e dt ok e e pVc o ns t a nt . Onl yt hec ha r g eont hec a p a c i t orwi l lbeha l v e d. 2)Cl i c konRe s e tAl l( c on fir m“ Ye s ”whe na s k e d ) ;s l i det heba t t e r ys l i de ra l lt hewa yup, a n ddi s c onne c t t hebat t e r y. Pr e di c t :whi c hoft heph y s i c a lv a r i a bl e sl i s t e dbe l o w wi l lc ha n g ewhe ny ouc ha n g et hea r e aoft he c a pa c i t orpl a t e s( whi l ek e e pi n gt heba t t e r ydi s c onne c t e d ) ?Ma r ka l lt ha ty o ut hi nkwi l lc ha n g e . Pr e di c t i on

Ac t ual( c omebac kt ofil lt hi si n)

[✔ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [✔ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [ ]Cha r g eont hep l a t e s [ ]Cha r g eo nt hepl a t e s [✔]Vol t a g ea c r os st hep l a t e s [✔ ]Vol t a g ea c r os st hepl a t e s [ ]N ✔e te l e c t r i cfie l db e t we e nt hepl a t e s [ ✔ ]Ne te l e c t r i cfie l db e t we e nt hepl a t e s [ ]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a p a c i t or [✔ ]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a p a c i t or Pr e di c t :i nwhi c hdi r e c t i onwi l lt hee l e c t r onsbet r a v e l i ngwhi l ey oui nc r e a s et hea r e aoft hep l a t e s ?Che c k y ourpr e di c t i onbe l o w. [ ]c l oc kwi s e

[✔ ]c ount e r c l oc kwi s e

[ ]t he r ewi l lbenomo vi n ge l e c t r ons

Che c ka l lt heme t e r son( donotf or g e tt oc onne c tt hev o l t a g epr obe st ot hepl a t e s ;ma k es ur et hefie l d pr obei sbe t we e nt hepl a t e s ) . Sl o wl yi nc r e a s et hea r e aoft hepl a t e sb ydr a g gi n gt hel i t t l edo ubl ea r r o wa wa yf r om t hepl a t e sa nd ob s e r v et hec ha n ge s . Fi l li nt het a bl ebe l o w.Che c ky ourpr e di c t i onsa n ddi s c us sa n yde vi a t i onsf r omy ou r ob s e r v a t i onswi t hy ourgr oup. Pa ya t t e nt i ont ouni t si nt het a bl e ! A d( mm) 2 ( mm) 100

10

Su mme r2 0 20

κ

1

C( pF)

| V| ( V)

| Q| ( pC)

| E| ( V/ m)

U( pJ )

0. 89 x10^ 13

1. 5

0. 13 x10^ 12

1 . 35x10 ^ 8

1. 00x10 ^ 13 Ca pa c i t o r s

6 400

10

1

3. 54 x10^ 13

0. 37 5

0. 1 3x10^ 12

3. 3 8x10^ 7

0. 25 x10^ 13

Que s t i on3. Whe nac ha r ge dc a pa c i t o ri sdi s c onne c t e df r om aba t t e r ya ndt hea r e aoft hepl a t e si s de c r e as i n g;de s c r i bewha ti sha ppe ni n gt ot hee l e c t r i cfie l di nt hec a p a c i t ora n de xpl a i nwh y . Whe nt hea r e aoft hepl a t e si sde c r e a s i n gonadi s c o nne c t e dc ha r g e dc a pa c i t or ,t hee l e c t r i cfie l d de c r e a s e s .Asa r e ade c r e a s e s ,t hee l e c t r i cfie l dde c r e a s e sa ndvi c ev e r s a .Thi si ndi c a t e st ha tt hee l e c t r i c fie l di npa r a l l e lpl a t e si sde pe nde ntupo nt hea r e aoft hep l a t e s .

C. Changi ngs e par at i on. 1. Cl i c konRe s e tAl l( c onfir m“ Ye s ”whe na s k e d ) ;s l i det heba t t e r ys l i de ra l lt h ewa yup, a nddi s c onne c t t hebat t e r y;ma xi mi z et hea r e aoft hep l a t e s . Pr e di c t :whi c hoft heph y s i c a lv a r i a bl e sl i s t e dbe l o w wi l lc ha ng ewhe ny ouc ha n g et hes e pa r a t i on be t we e nt hec a pa c i t orpl a t e s( whi l ek e e p i n gt heba t t e r ydi s c on ne c t e d ) ?Ma r ka l lt ha twi l lc ha ng e . Pr e di c t i on

Ac t ual( c omebac kt ofil lt hi si n)

[ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [ ✔ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [ ✔ ]Cha r g eont hepl a t e s [ ]Cha r g eont hepl a t e s [ ✔]Vol t a g ea c r os st hep l a t e s [✔ ]Vol t a g ea c r os st hepl a t e s [ ]Ne te l e c t r i cfie l dbe t we e nt hepl a t e s [ ]Ne te l e c t r i cfie l dbe t we e nt hep l a t e s [ ]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a p a c i t or [✔ ]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a p a c i t or Pr e di c t :i nwhi c hdi r e c t i onwi l lt hee l e c t r onsbet r a v e l i ngwhi l ey oui nc r e a s et hes e pa r a t i onbe t we e nt he c a pa c i t orpl a t e s ?Che c ky ourpr e di c t i onbe l o w. [ ]c l oc kwi s e

[ ]c o unt e r c l oc kwi s e

[ ✔ ]t he r ewi l lbenomo vi n ge l e c t r ons

Che c ka l lt heme t e r son( donotf or g e tt oc onne c tt hev o l t a g epr obe st ot hepl a t e s ;ma k es ur et hefie l d pr obei sbe t we e nt hepl a t e s ) . Sl o wl yc ha n g et hes e pa r a t i onbe t we e nt hepl a t e sb ydr a ggi n gt hel i t t l edoubl ea r r o w do wn( orup)a nd ob s e r v et hec ha n ge s . Fi l li nt het a bl ebe l o w.Che c ky ourpr e di c t i onsa n ddi s c us sa n yde vi a t i onsf r omy ou r ob s e r v a t i onswi t hy ourgr oup.

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Ca pa c i t o r s

7 Pa ya t t e nt i ont ouni t si nt het a bl e ! A( mm2)

d( mm)

400

1 0

1

. 35

1. 5

. 53

15 0

. 4

400

5

1

. 71

. 75

. 53

150

. 2

Su mme r2 0 20

κ

C( pF)

| V| ( V)

| Q| ( pC) | E| ( V/ m)

U( pJ )

Ca pa c i t o r s

8 2.Cl i c konRe s e tAl l( c onfir m“ Ye s ”whe na s ke d) ;s l i det heba t t e r ys l i de ra l lt hewa yup,a n dke e pt he ba t t e r yc onne c t e d;ma x i mi z et hea r e aoft hep l a t e s . Pr e di c t :whi c hoft heph y s i c a lv a r i a bl e sl i s t e dbe l o w wi l lc ha ng ewhe ny ouc ha n g et hes e pa r a t i on be t we e nt hec a pa c i t orpl a t e s( whi l ek e e p i n gt heba t t e r yc onne c t e d ) ?Ma r ka l lt ha ty out hi nkwi l lc ha n g e . Pr e di c t i on

Ac t ual( c omebac kt ofil lt hi si n)

[✔ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [ ✔ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [✔ ]Cha r g eont hepl a t e s [✔ ]Cha r g eont hepl a t e s [ ]Vol t a g ea c r os st hep l a t e s [ ]Vo l t a g ea c r os st hepl a t e s [ ] ✔ Ne te l e c t r i cfie l dbe t we e nt hepl a t e s [ ✔ ]Ne te l e c t r i cfie l dbe t we e nt hepl a t e s [✔ ]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a p a c i t or [ ✔]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a pa c i t or Pr e di c t :i nwhi c hdi r e c t i onwi l lt hee l e c t r onsbet r a v e l i ngwhi l ey oui nc r e a s et hes e pa r a t i onbe t we e nt he c a pa c i t orpl a t e s ?Che c ky ourpr e di c t i onbe l o w. [ ]c l oc kwi s e

[✔ ]c ount e r c l oc kwi s e

[ ]t he r ewi l lbenomo vi n ge l e c t r ons

Che c ka l lt heme t e r son( donotf or g e tt oc onne c tt hev o l t a g epr obe st ot hepl a t e s ;ma k es ur et hefie l d pr obei sbe t we e nt hepl a t e s ) . Sl o wl yc ha n g et hes e pa r a t i onbe t we e nt hepl a t e sb ydr a ggi n gt hel i t t l edoubl ea r r o w do wn( orup)a nd ob s e r v et hec ha n ge s . Fi l li nt het a bl ebe l o w.Che c ky ourpr e di c t i onsa n ddi s c us sa n yde vi a t i onsf r omy ou r ob s e r v a t i onswi t hy ourgr oup. Pa ya t t e nt i ont ouni t si nt het a bl e ! A( mm2)

d( mm)

400

10

1

. 354

1. 5

. 521

150

. 398

400

5

1

. 708

1. 5

1. 062

3 00

. 797

κ

C( pF)

| V| ( V)

| Q| ( pC) | E| ( V/ m)

U( pJ )

Que s t i on4. Wh e nac a pa c i t ori sc onn e c t e dt oaba t t e r ya ndt hes e pa r a t i onbe t we e nt hepl a t e si s i nc r e as i ng,de s c r i bewha ti sha ppe ni ngt ot hee l e c t r i cfie l di nt hec a p a c i t ora nde xpl a i nwh y . Whe nt hee l e c t r i cfie l dbe t we e nt hepl a t ei nc r e a s e s ,t hedi s t a nc ef r om t hepl a t e sne e dsmor ee ne r gy , i nc r e a s i n gt hev ol t a g ebe t we e nt hepl a t e .

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Ca pa c i t o r s

9 D. Changi ngdi e l e c t r i c Cl i c kont heDi e l e c t r i ct a bt os wi t c ht oa no t he rwi ndo w. 1.Sl i det heba t t e r ys l i de ra l lt hewa yup,a nddi s c onne c t t hebat t e r y. Pr e di c t :whi c hoft heph y s i c a lv a r i a bl e sl i s t e dbe l o w wi l l c ha ng ewhe ny oufil lt hec a pa c i t orwi t hadi e l e c t r i c( whi l e k e e pi n gt heba t t e r ydi s c onne c t e d ) ?Ma r ka l lt ha ty out hi nk wi l lc ha n g e .

Pr e di c t i on

Ac t ual( c omebac kt ofil lt hi si n)

[ ✔]Ca pa c i t a nc e [✔ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [ ]Cha r g eont hep l a t e s [ ]Cha r g eo nt hepl a t e s [ ✔]Vol t a g ea c r os st hepl a t e s [✔ ]Vo l t a g ea c r os st hepl a t e s [ ]Ne te l e c t r i cfie l dbe t we e nt hepl a t e s [ ✔ ]Ne te l e c t r i cfie l dbe t we e nt hepl a t e s [ ✔]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a pa c i t or [✔ ]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a p a c i t or Pr e di c t :i nwhi c hdi r e c t i onwi l lt hee l e c t r onsbet r a v e l i nga sy oumo v eadi e l e c t r i ci nt ot hes pa c ebe t we e n t hec a pa c i t orpl a t e s ?Che c ky ourpr e di c t i onbe l o w. [ ]c l oc kwi s e

[ ✔]c oun t e r c l oc kwi s e

[ ]t he r ewi l lbenomo vi n ge l e c t r on s

Che c ka l lt heme t e r son( donotf or g e tt oc onne c tt hev o l t a g epr obe st ot hepl a t e s ;ma k es ur et hefie l d pr obei sbe t we e nt hepl a t e sa ndwi t hi nadi e l e c t r i c ;t hefie l dy o ua r ei nt e r e s t e di ni st hene tfie l d! ) . Sl o wl yi ns e r tt hedi e l e c t r i cbe t we e nt hepl a t e sb ydr a ggi ngt hel i t t l edoubl ea r r o wt ot hel e f ta n dob s e r v e t hec ha n g e s .Fi l li nt het a b l ebe l o w.Che c ky ourpr e di c t i onsa nddi s c us sa n yde vi a t i onsf r om y our ob s e r v a t i onswi t hy ourgr oup. Pa ya t t e nt i ont ouni t si nt het a bl e ! A( mm2)

d( mm)

100

10

Su mme r2 0 20

κ 1

C( pF)

| V| ( V)

8. 85 x10^ - 1. 5 14

| Q| ( pC) | E| ( V/ m) 1. 1 5x10^ -. 015 26

U( pJ ) 8 . 85x10^ 11 Ca pa c i t o r s

10 100

10

5( fil l e d 4. 43 x10^ - 1. 5 c ompl e t e l y) 13

2. 3 x10^ - . 015 25

4 . 43x10^ 10

2.Cl i c konRe s e tAl l( c onfir m“ Ye s ”whe na s k e d ) ;s l i det heba t t e r ys l i de ra l lt hewa yup,a ndke e pt he ba t t e r yc onne c t e d. Pr e di c t :whi c hoft heph y s i c a lv a r i a bl e sl i s t e dbe l o w wi l lc ha ng ewhe ny oufil lt hec a pa c i t orwi t ha di e l e c t r i c( whi l eke e pi n gt heba t t e r yc onne c t e d ) ?Ma r ka l lt ha ty out h i nkwi l lc ha ng e . Pr e di c t i on

Ac t ual( c omebac kt ofil lt hi si n)

[ ✔ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [✔ ]Ca pa c i t a nc e [✔ ]Cha r g eont hepl a t e s [ ✔ ]Cha r g eont hepl a t e s [ ]Vol t a g ea c r os st hep l a t e s [ ]Vo l t a g ea c r os st hepl a t e s [ ]Ne te l e c t r i cfie l dbe t we e nt hepl a t e s [ ✔ ]Ne te l e c t r i cfie l dbe t we e nt hepl a t e s [✔ ]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a p a c i t or [✔ ]Ene r gys t or e di nt hec a pa c i t or Pr e di c t :i nwhi c hdi r e c t i onwi l lt hee l e c t r onsbet r a v e l i n gwhe ny oufil lt hec a pa c i t orwi t hadi e l e c t r i c ? Che c ky ourpr e di c t i onbe l o w. [ ]c l oc kwi s e

[✔ ]c ount e r c l oc kwi s e

[ ]t he r ewi l lbenomo vi n ge l e c t r ons

Che c ka l lt heme t e r son( donotf or g e tt oc onne c tt hev o l t a g epr obe st ot hepl a t e s ;ma k es ur et hefie l d pr obei sbe t we e nt hepl a t e sa ndwi t hi nadi e l e c t r i c ;t hefie l dy o ua r ei nt e r e s t e di ni st hene tfie l d! ) . Sl o wl yi ns e r tt hedi e l e c t r i cbe t we e nt hepl a t e sb ydr a ggi ngt hel i t t l edoubl ea r r o wt ot hel e f ta n dob s e r v e t hec ha n g e s .Fi l li nt het a b l ebe l o w.Che c ky ourpr e di c t i onsa nddi s c us sa n yde vi a t i onsf r om y our ob s e r v a t i onswi t hy ourgr oup. Pa ya t t e nt i ont ouni t si nt het a bl e ! A( mm2)

d( mm)

100

10

100

10

κ 1

C( pF)

| V| ( V)

| Q| ( pC) | E| ( V/ m)

U( pJ )

0. 08 85

10

0. 88 5

1000

4. 42 5

5( fil l e d 0. 44 25 c ompl e t e l y)

10

4. 42 5

1000

4. 42 5

Se eque s t i ons5and6ont hene xtpag e . Su mme r2 0 20

Ca pa c i t o r s

11

Su mme r2 0 20

Ca pa c i t ...