CBT Exam notes 2018 SELL 3 PDF

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Talks about cognitive behavioural therapy, exam notes, preparation notes. From Bournemouth University. Theories explained, and citations. ...

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CBT Exam notes 2018

Things in your note 1. Describe the therapy + theories they are based on 2. Describe the diagnose of condition 3. Discuss and cite research evidence (Remember think clinically and critically)  For each section you can put a reference…if you can What is CBT  it is problem oriented and collaborative Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be used to treat people with a wide range of mental health problems. CBT is based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together. Specifically, our thoughts determine our feelings and our behavior. What CBT does is  CBT aims to help people become aware of when they make negative interpretations, and of behavioral patterns which reinforce the distorted thinking. Cognitive therapy helps people to develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving which aims to reduce their psychological distress

How CBT works? -

Educate individuals of their thoughts and core beliefs – then begin to tackle them

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Teaching individuals’ adaptive responses to negative events to be able to cope in the future, and outside treatment room (e.g. homework)

History  you can add the behaviourist theory here -

CBT stemmed from behaviourists such as: Skinner, Pavlov, Eysenck, Watson,

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CBT in the earlier days was more focused on the behavioural aspect, as it did not look at patient’s thoughts, as the behavioural aspects were easy to observe.

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In the 60s and 70s therapist began to reconsider the original model of behavioural modification therapies (Ellis, 1957)  developed treatment called rational emotive behaviour therapy (suggested patient’s emotional distress originates from their thoughts about event, rather than the event itself and (Beck, 1967)  developed treatment called cognitive therapy (suggested that individual’s behaviour is affected by the way they structure the world based on the attitudes and assumptions they encountered from previous experiences

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Both theorist’s methods of treatments have combined and developed into what we now know as CBT  the Modern CBT

The Cognitive Triad (Beck, 1976) -

The cognitive triad are three forms of negative (i.e helpless and critical) thinking that are typical of individuals with depression: namely negative thoughts about the self, the world and the future. These thoughts tended to be automatic in depressed people as they occurred spontaneously.  he termed these negative thoughts NATS negative automatic thoughts (e.g. can’t do it, not fit enough, it hurts to do it, it’ll never change, what’s the point)

Negative Self-Schemas (Beck, 1976) -

Beck believed that depression prone individuals develop a negative self-schema. They possess a set of beliefs and expectations about themselves that are essentially negative and pessimistic.

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Beck claimed that negative schemas may be acquired in childhood as a result of a traumatic event.

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Schema may lead to cognitive bias in certain situations

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E.g. with anxiety – once danger schemas activated individual tries to reduce the dangerous elicited by negative automatic thoughts by avoidant or safety behaviours  maintaining situation

Cognitive distortions/thinking – and techniques to fight them -

All or nothing – you are either perfect or failure

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Over generalization – you see one event as never-ending pattern of defeat

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Disregarding the positive – they didn’t count for some reason or the other

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 how to change them: identify errors in automatic thoughts, examine the evidence (e.g. Is it true I never do anything right? What are things I do well?), the doublestandard method (e.g. would I say these things to a close friend)

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 Thought diary: writing negative feelings and rate strength, what situation where you in? use new skills to think about alternative/balanced thoughts write them down, and rate feelings

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 Socratic questioning/downward arrow technique (to challenge their thoughts)

Core Beliefs (Kennerley, Kirk, & Westbrook, 2017) -

Individual’s fundamental beliefs about themselves, others, the world, the future

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Manifest as general and absolute statements. E.g. ‘I am bad’ or ‘other people cannot be trusted

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Schema (thoughts, feelings, physical sensations) more complex than core belief, but both unobservable psychological structures

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Core beliefs not addressed in short term therapy, rather in long term therapy (e.g. schema-focussed techniques)

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Core beliefs can be addressed similarly to automatic thoughts, harder to address than AT

Evidence  put more evidence from the papers you wrote on last exam about depression -

(Bad) Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, and Fang (2012):

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Many of the meta-analytic studies included studies o

With small sample sizes

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With inadequate control groups

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Lack of intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses

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Mostly studies were with adults of working age

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No meta-analyses of CBT for people from o

Ethnic minorities

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Low income groups

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Not enough evidence to draw conclusion about CBT for some other problems (e.g. criminal behaviours)

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(bad) (Westbrook & Kirk, 2005): Perhaps only about 50% of people who have CBT significantly benefit  aim: This paper summarises outcome data from several hundred patients treated with CBT in routine clinical practice in a National Health Service psychology service and compares their outcomes with some of the published research....