CC CIVI GB - Fiche de révision de CM de Civilisation Anglaise du S6 de L3 LLCE Anglais. PDF

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Fiche de révision de CM de Civilisation Anglaise du S6 de L3 LLCE Anglais....

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Lesson 2 – The Industrial Revolution. A) Two different types of radicals: John Wilkes and Tom Paine. John Wilkes was born in 1725. He had a physical disability, he had a squint (eyes who looked on different ways). He was terribly arrogant. John Wilkes wanted fame and fortune. He wanted to be a member of the Parliament, but he wasn’t a land owner. So, John Wilkes married a woman who owned land. The second time, in 1757, he succeeded. He spent over 6000 pounds on his campaign. It was a fantastic amount of money. At that time, the Whigs were in power, so he joined them. Within them, there was the Radicals. He joined them. It was the rising group of the time. He joined a club: The Hell Fire Club: a very secret club. He did things so bad that he got kicked out. John Wilkes created a political newspaper called The North Briton. It was published every (two) weeks. In it, he criticized the King. In the early 1760’s, the new King was Georges IIIrd. In 1763, he published one particular article in N°45, attacking the King. Georges was furious. He had John Wilkes arrested. There were demonstrations in the street of London to release John Wilkes. They shouted “Wilkes, Liberty and Number 45”. He became this kind of hero, symbol, for the ordinary man against a corrupted government. John Wilkes also became a hero in AM, in the colonies. Their slogan was “No Taxation without Representation”. Georges was forced to release John Wilkes. They went to his house and they searched for something they could use against him. They found a poem called “An Essay on Women”. It was a pornographic poem. It was considered obscene at the time, so John Wilkes left EN and came to FR. In FR he made friends. But they soon realized how proud and arrogant he was, and he was borrowing money from them. The Parisian Elite became tired and angry with him. In 1768 he went back to prison in EN. There was an election in Middlesex. John Wilkes was a candidate and he won. But the government said “that’s not possible he is in prison” so they cancelled the election and had a second one. But John Wilkes won again. They cancelled, but same. In 1770, he was released from prison and was the MP for Middlesex. But he was no longer interested in radical politics, in attacking the government. John Wilkes became the mayor of London. A member of the public came to him and asked to shake his hand, but he walked away because blc. FROM HERE, THE BEGINNING OF A REFORM MOVEMENT. In some ways, he inspired people to fight for a better legislature. From this point, the debates and the speeches were written down. All over AM, young couples when they had a baby called him John Wilkes. It was a popular name until 1865 because the Civil War ended and Lincoln was President, and he was murdered by John Wilkes Booth.

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Tom Paine was born in 1737 in North of London, into a Quaker family (pacifists). Tom Paine’s dad made corsets. He went to school but left about the age of 14 and started working with his dad. He left home and tried various jobs (primary school teacher, customs officer…) Tom Paine got sacked working for the customs, because he wrote an article about why the customs officers should get more money. He moved around the country. Tom Paine was a bit of a radical. He did have a tragedy in his life: he got married and had a baby daughter, but both his wife and his girl died. He never got married again after that. Tom Paine went to London in the 1770’s and got involved with political groups and debating clubs & societies. In one of these clubs, he met an influential AM: Benjamin Franklin. He was quite impressed by his ideas and the way he explained himself, talked and argued. He said to him: they would love you in AM. In 1774, Tom Paine did go to AM. In Philadelphia, he became a journalist. He wrote for the Pennsylvania Magazine. He became popular very quickly. He was criticizing EN. He was attacking the BR monarchy: Tom Paine was a Republican. He was against the principle of hereditary succession, he found it ridiculous. In a text, he destroys this idea. But he did write one article which was not popular: attacking the Institution of Slavery. He said: “AM are fighting for liberty, but you are keeping slaves, men women and children as your property: it’s hypocrisy”. In January 1776, Tom Paine published one of his most famous works: Common Sense, an attack on Monarchy and Hereditary Succession. It became a best seller very quickly. Tom Paine gave up his rights as an author because he wanted the book to be as cheap as possible so that everyone could read it. That year was the year of Independence (4th July). The men who wrote the Declaration of Independence: Jefferson, Washington, Madison, Monroe, Hamilton and Franklin. Tom Paine was not in the room, but his book was: every man had a copy of it. Washington asked Tom Paine to join the army, but he said no (Quaker Education). Eventually, Tom Paine went back to EN in 1787. Nothing happened to him: The Freedom of Speech. Georges IIIrd was very angry with him tough. During that time, in 1789, there was the French Revolution. Tom Paine supported the French Revolution. In 1792, he published another book: The Rights of Man. In this book, he says that all males should have the right of vote. Tom Paine described the kind of society that he thought we should create, and talk about women  Child Allowance. He also argued for retirement pensions. In those days, people stopped working when they died or when they had accident and got disabled. But they got nothing from the State. He thought that people should retire at the age of 57. At the time,

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people started to work at 5 years old. Tom Paine did not want his author rights for this book either. And this book was revolutionary. Now Tom Paine was in trouble. Tom Paine went to France, contacted the Revolutionaries, and was elected as a Depute for the Pas-De-Calais for the National Convention. But he couldn’t speak French. When he spoke, he had a translator. And the French would be listening. He very quickly made an enemy: Robespierre. Tom Paine participated to the debate on the execution of Louis XVI, and thought he should not be executed. Tom Paine was arrested, put in prison, and condemn to death. He was not executed, saved at the last moment: the night before his execution by an AM: Monroe. FR and AM were good allies. Monroe wrote to Robespierre and the National Convention. Tom Paine went back to AM in 1802. But he was no longer a popular writer. While in prison, he had written: The Age of Reason. This book attacked Religion and Christianity in particular, the Bible. “The Bible is full of paradoxes, mistakes and contradictions”. He died in absolute poverty in 1809 in NYC. When he died, just 3 people went to his funeral.

B) The making of the EN working class. It implies a sense of community, solidarity, unity. People were living in close proximity. They would work in the cold morning together. People were regulated by wages, money, clocks… And they didn’t accept it. Tom Paine believed in taxation of the rich to create a better society. Solidarity is being created. The government and the employers understood it and were very nervous. In 1799-1800, they passed the Combination Axes: illegal for men and women to come together over 2 people. The Early Unions were called Combinations. And the punishment was: being sacked, and they will not get a job anywhere else + they would be arrested, imprisoned, and sent to Australia. Thousands of men and women were transported. In 1834, another major event: The Tolpuddle Martyrs. Tolpuddle was a completely agricultural village. Secret Union. Agricultural workers were very badly paid etc. They were caught because the bosses had spies everywhere. 6 men were arrested, prosecuted, and transported to Australia. There were protests in London. The government was worried, and they brought the men back. In 1861, there was a war which began in AM: The Civil War. The BR government supported the South, because they were slave owners, and the BR government was desperate for cotton. The workers in Manchester working in the textile factories boycotted the cotton, came out on strike to support the AM slaves. There was a sense of solidarity.

C) The 1832 Great Reform Act Many politicians believed that EN was on the edge of Revolution. William IV was the new King. In those days, when a King died, the government resigned as a mark of respect. So, there was an Election. The two “parties” were The Tories and the Whigs. The leader of the Whigs was Charles Grey. The leader of the Tories was a military man: Wellington. There was one issue at the heart of the election: REFORM PARLIAMENT: What did Grey say? “We must give certain men the right to vote, because if we don’t, there will be Revolution in EN”. On the other hand, Wellington and the Tories said: “Absolutely not”.

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His ideas were that the only 7% that could vote at the time were enough. It was the landowners. Who was right? BOTH OF THEM. The Whigs won the election. Grey was PM. In 1831, he introduced his first Reform Bill: to reform Parliament and give the vote to 14% (double the number). The Bill went to the Committee Stage. They voted NO. Grey immediately called another Election in 1831. The Whigs won again. Their majority was even bigger. Grey introduced his Second Reform Bill. The Bill went to the House of Lords. They voted NO (it was the bishops). In London, the newspaper with a thick black border on the edge of the front page: It means the death of the King/Queen. But the King wasn’t dead. It was the death of the Bill. Grey resigned. And the King, William IV, became implicated in political events. He spoke with Wellington and asked him to become PM. But he had to reform Parliament. “No, I can’t do that”. So, there is no government. This is a constitutional crisis. The King went back to Grey and asked him to go back. Grey had a solution, and it was very controversial: He presented the King with a list of men, about 500 men, and asked William IV to make them into Lords  all Whigs. It would mean that the Whigs would have the majority in the House of Lords. It would mean that there would be a Whig majority FOREVER (children etc.). He agreed. Grey became PM again, he introduced his Third Reform Bill. And this time, it was accepted. It was in 1832 . It was the GREAT REFORM ACT. It did increase the number of men who could vote from 7 to 14, based on how much you pay rent for your property. It meant that Dickens now had the right to vote. But of course, the ordinary men could not. And they were angry, but also encouraged. Wellington was right: the reform gave them hope. But at least it did stop the Revolution.

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Lesson 4 – Further Reforms. In the 1860’s there was more and more demonstration and there was the AM Civil War in the early 1860. BR was in the South’s part: they were for cotton and there was a strike in the textile factories in Manchester because they were antislavery: solidarity. There was a march in London, a 100 000 people in July 1866, different political group came together like the LWMA, the BPU and a new group International Working Men association. The leader of that group was Karl Marx. The plan was to march to the streets of London and to arrive to Hide park with their banners and many of them carried the cap of liberty (le bonnet phrygien). The gates were locked, and the demonstration became violent. The people were angry, and they smash down the gates and for 3 days and nights there was riot. Some member of the parliament understood what was going to happen.

A) 1867 – The Second Reform Act. It gave the vote to 35% of men after the riots in London. The same year there was a debate in Parliament introduced by the most famous philosopher at the time who was also in the parliament: James Stewart Mill: the right for women to vote. James Stewart Mill lost but 80 people voted for and 450 voted against.

B) The 1872 Ballot Act. It is the secret ballot that was introduced: it was one of the points of the chartists.

C) 1884 – The Third Reform Act. This Act gave the vote to about 50% of men. The people who couldn’t vote was the women, the men who lived in rural area and didn’t pay rent but in towns and cities, men were paying rent and could vote.

Lesson 5 – Local Government. They were responsible for everything in the 19th century: education (the teachers are not “fonctionnaires”), health, transport, canals, railway, judiciary was local government. In 1832, there was the Great Reform Act and Parliament decided to investigate on local government to observe. They created a royal commission to see how they were working (or not) all around the country in 1833. They made a shocking report: there was corruption everywhere from top to bottom. If there was a hospital, a prison they would have money, but it was not built, and the money would go in the pocket of the local members.

A) 1835 – The Municipal Corporations Act.

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It gave the right to vote to all men who paid rent . Many good honest men were elected onto the council, there was less corruption, they were not greedy and wanted to make good things for their towns. Millions of people lived in squalor, and there were good men and doctors that understood that diseases were due to the lack of hygiene. They were elected and insisted on building sewers (égouts). Something disappeared very quickly: the cholera  dirty water.

B) 1871 – Local Government Act. This act gave the right to vote to all unmarried females who paid rent in municipal elections.

C) 1888 – Local Government Act. This Act gave the right to local government to borrow money from central government to improve services in their towns, cities. One particular town became almost famous because it had the best local government in the country: Birmingham. Joseph Chamberlin was the mayor. He was Liberal. He was rich and believed in helping people. He had screws factories. He was Christian, and he believed in muscular Christianity, that God gave him this money to make life better for poorer people. He made Birmingham the most modern city in the world in terms of social services for people. He destroyed the slums and the squalor houses, and he built clean, modern houses  inside toilets. They were public houses. He built good roads and keep them clean. He put street lamps all over the city in the 1870’s. It was the safest city in the world at the time. In contrary, London was dirty and dangerous, there was no lights (Jack the Ripper and other) and many other cities were dangerous as well. Birmingham was like a paradise. In 1888: The Act on the County Council

D) 1894 – Local Government Act. It gave the vote to all men and women at local government. Most men and women who lived in a town for one year could vote and could be candidate (even the women). Things got better: schools, hospitals. Other towns well building streets lights. Even prison got better. There was a woman called Elizabeth Fry who dedicated her life to improve prison. Prison were one large place where everybody were locked together in the same big room (men, women and children). The 1st thing she demanded was the separation between men and women. She said that children shouldn’t go to prison (pickpockets). At the beginning of 19th century, there were still children hanging for stealing (13 yo). She campaigned, and it got better for men, women and no children anymore.

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Lesson 6 – Women in Politics. A) The “Mother” of feminism – Mary Wollestonecraft. Mary Wollestonecraft was the mother of feminism. She came from a middle-class family. But her father lost most of the money in drinking. She didn’t go to school because she was a woman  self-educated. When she was about 12/13 yo, she became a companion to an older woman. The lady was abused by her husband. And the lady looked at Mary Wollestonecraft very often and said: “don’t worry he loves me”. She was trying to justify the violence of the man. Mary Wollestonecraft was deeply affected by it. She grew up, wrote books, in 1791: The Rights of Man , 1792: A Vindication of the Rights of Women. She wrote it partly in reply to a French philosopher and writer: Rousseau. He wrote Émile et l’Éducation. And he said that women should be educated in order to please men, so that they could be more interesting. Mary Wollestonecraft said that women should be educated for themselves, to realize their potential. She also thought that women should have the vote. And she also argued for sexual liberty of women. People were shocked. She left EN and came to FR. She had a daughter: Fanny. Mary Wollestonecraft supported the Revolution and became friends with some of the leaders of the Revolution. She returned to EN and she met another man, the most famous EN philosopher: William Godwin. They were excluded from society because she was a Feminist. They had a baby: Mary Godwin. Mary Wollestonecraft died. William Godwin was left alone with Fanny and Mary Godwin. William Godwin spoke well of Mary Wollestonecraft. He introduced Mary Godwin to the ideas of her mother. When she was 18, Mary Godwin was involved in a group of poets and married one of them: Shelley. She became Mary Shelley. And she wrote Frankenstein.

B) Women in the 19th century. WORKING CLASS WOMEN Their life was really hard (coal mines, factories…). They worked like the men, 6 days a week, and when they came home, they had to look after the family. When the Great Reform was passed, some women created a Society: The Society of Industrious Females (SIF) in 1832. In 1833, a group of working-class women

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created The Practical Moral Union of Women of GB and IRL . They demanded rights for them. Some men supported them. An IR philosopher: William Thomson wrote in 1825 “Home is the prison house of the wife.”

C) Women and Education. MIDDLE-CLASS WOMEN Middle-class women had different objectives: they were bored at home and so education was their primary objective. They campaigned for the right for women to be educated. One of the leading women in the fight for education was Barbara Bodichon. Her father was a member of Parliament (MP).  rich. He believed in educating women. He raised his children equally. He employed tutors to teach his girls. Barbara was taught properly. In 1848, a new University was created in London: Queens College, for women. In 1849, an old lady established a university accepting women: Bedford College. Women didn’t get diplomas. After Uni, she concentrated on women’s rights to keep their property. Barbara and other women began this campaign. In 1856, she organized a petition. It was presented to Parliament. 26 000 people signed it. In 1857, Parliament passed the Marriage / Divorce Act. It gave women the right to divorce their husbands. Barbara was furious because women they could divorce but they won’t keep anything. Everything she has is in the house. Barbara and the others continued fighting. In the early 1860’s the women bought a house in London in a small square called Langham Place. They bought this house as a meeting place for women. They became known as the Langham Place Women. A man visited them: James Stewart Mill. These women produced a Magazine: the EN Women’s Journal. They wrote about politics, democracy, women, job opportunities for women… It was a serious magazine. And the women were asking for equal pay and the right to vote. Some famous women went to that house:  Florence Nightingale who made nursing into a profession (nurses were cleaning ladies). She insisted that nurses wear a uniform. She insisted that doctors, nurses etc. wash their hands.  Mary Somerville who was one of the most famous mathematicians in the world. In 1860’s she was already more than 80yo. She was extremely famous in her domain: Astronomy. She was self-taught.  Elizabeth Garrett who was the first female doctor in BR. Women weren’t allowed to be doctors. She went to medical school dressed as a man. She fought against the administration.

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D) Women and the Vote – the Suffragettes. In 1866, James ...