Civilisation Anglaise PDF

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civilisation des pays de langue anglaise ...

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CIVILISATION ANGLAISE Britain became an island in 5000BC. Stonehenge in Neolithic Britain 3000BC. The Celts around 700BC, they started to arrive from Central Europe of further East Ancestors of many of the people in Highland Scotland. Julius Caesar: two unsuccessful attempts to invade Britain in 55BC and 54BC. The Romans returned in AD54 and after many false starts Claudius successfully invaded Britain. Hadrian’s Wall built in AD112 to mark the limits of what the Romans saw as a governable province. Many conversions to Christinity between 6th and 8th centuries AD (Saint Patrick). Rome was destroyed in AD460 and the empire crumbled: the end of the Roman’s Empire. Alfred the Great, Winchester First King to set up a coherent legal code. Creation of established schools and the witan. Julius Caesar

Viking zone of control: Danelaw 900AD Edward the Confessor, crowned in 1043 (the last Saxon king). Promised the throne to William Duke of Normandy and Harold Godwineson. = Battle of William the Conqueror in 1066: Harold lost the battle of Hastings and died, William became king in 1066, the 25th December. After winning he went to England to still the money of the rich. (cf Bayeux Tapestry (in Normandy): tells the story of the Battle) Coronation of W. the Conqueror: the 1st Norman king. He extended his territory. Domesday Book: 1st English census 1085-1086 in order to tax people.

Edward the Confessor

William was succeeded by his sons, when he died was a power struggle between Adele (his daughter) and Mathilda (his granddaughter) which led to a civil war in the country. The throne was won by Stephen of Blois, Adele’s son, but after his death it passed to Henry (son of Mathilda and Geoffrey of Anjou) Henry II: 1st Plantagenent King, married to Eleanor of Aquitaine. Buried in Saumur. Thomas Becket: Archbishop of Canterbury. He defended the church against the king, ha was killed in the cathedral. Richard the Lionheart, son of Henry II was king between 1189 and 1199 but spend most of his reign abroad at the Crusade. John I ruled England in Richard’s absence. Magna Carta was signed in 1215 to reduce the power oft he king.

John I

Edward I united England with West Wales. In a public ceremony in Caenarfon he named his own eldest son Prince of Wales, a tradition which continues today. Robert the Bruce, crowned King of Scotland in 1303. Edward III started the One Hundred Year’s war when he invaded France in 1337, claiming his right to the French crown because his mother was married to a French King. Edward IV the wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York led to Edward, son of Richard Duke of York being crowned in 1461. Richard III put Edward IV‘ small sons (nephew) in a Tower of London and had them killed and then seized power. Henry IV killed Richard III at the battle of Bosworth and became the first Tudor king. Henry VIII broke with the catholic church and formed the churchof England because the Pope refused to allow him to divorce Catherine of Aragon (1st wife), them he married Anne Boleyn. (2nd wife) Anne Boleyn mother of Elizabeth I (3rd wife) Jane Seymour mother of Edward VI (4th wife) Anne of Cleves (5th wife) Catherine Howard (6th wife) Catherine Parr: 1534 Act of Supremacy = the Queen or the King is the head of the Church. Edward VI follow the religion of his father Edward VIII.

Henry VIII

Mary I was catholic and became Queen (Bloody Mary) married to Philipp of Spain. Elizabeth I wasn’t catholic = church of Englandn she never married. Mary Queen of Scots (catholic), Elizabeth’s cousin considered herself as an heir to the throne. Elizabeth had her executed. His son James became James the 1st and king of England and Scotland after Elizabeth’s death (the end of the Tudor). His son Charles I was executed in 1649, was considered as incompetent by his enemies under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. Between 1649 and 1660 Britain was a republic under O. Cromwell. Charles I ‘son was asked to come to England from Scotland and was crowned Charles II. Mary Queen of Scots

Charles II and his brother, James, were extremely unpopular. By the time of the Restoration, no more than 1% of the population in England were practising Catholic, but Anti-Catholicism remained a powerful force. Anti-Catholic Test Act Signed in 1673 made it impossible for all holders of public office and military officers to be Catholic. James II was removed from the throne by William of Orange (hiss on-in-law) and his daughter Mary.

The Glorious Revolution: Accession of William of Orange and Mary to the throne. Anne, Mary’s sister was queen after William and Mary because they had no kid. George I: 1st king of the Hanoverian line in 1714. Had a distant right to the throne and was prefered over other more direct pretenders because he was protestant and not Catholic. Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901 during the period when the British Empire was as its strongest. The Union Jack flew over a fifth of the globe and nearly a quarter of its population. Prince Albert was his husband by love. Edward VII was her son. Georges V, first king to use the radio for broadcasting to the nation. Queen Victoria Churchill: minister at the time Edward VIII, first son of George V, abdicated from the throne in order to marry Wallis Simpson (an American). George VI became king when his brother abdicated was popular but was very nervous and stemmed (bègue). Mrs Pankhurst fought along with the Suffragettes for the right to vote, which was granted to women over 30 at the end of the 1WW. Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, daughter of George VI, became Queen Elizabeth II in 1953.

British Society The South is richer than the North because there are old industries London  The City of London (Business Quarter)  The West End (Area of shops, theatres)  The East End (Poor part of London but a lot of investment)  North of the River (Geographical Limit)  South of the River (Geographical Limit)

Map of London

The Home Counties  

Commutable from London Perceived as middle-class

The West Country   

Largely rural Historically working class but now relatively affluent Second houses for people

The Midlands    

Industrial (Historically) Working Class In the middle The big city is Birmingham

The North   

Everywhere else Industrial (Historically) Working Class

Scotland  

Separate country with separate language and culture Edinburgh and Glasgow

Birmingham

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Rural and Industrial Nationalism Gas and oil = important resources that bring money

Scotland

Wales     

Separate Country with regional language and culture Nationalism Linked to the United Kingdom Not much money and work Capital: Cardiff

Ireland  

Northern Ireland: Part of the United Kingdom. Money: Pound. Protestants Southern Ireland. Money: Euro. Catholics, they have their own prime minister, and president. Probably leaved Europe.

The North South Divide     

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Housing The cost of an average house in London is £400 000 The cost of an average home in the North is £137 000 Wages: North = grew by 2.2%, South = grew by 7.5% The government has promised billions of pounds to help the cities of the north like Leeds and Manchester form what it has labelled a “Northern Powerhouse” to rival London. Children in the prospective northern powerhouse area are already disadvantaged prior to turning five because families are affected by higher unemployment and low pay North and South

Immigration, race relations 

At the end of the Second World War there were work shortages in Europe and labour shortages in Britain. The government began looking for immigrants.

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As mass immigration continued in the 1950’s, so did the rise of racial violence and prejudice In 1945 there were just a few thousand non-white immigrants. By 1970 they numbered approximately 1.4 million By the 1980’s, there were strict controls on entry The State said it would protect the rights of ethnic minorities The riots in 1981 in London were sparked by racial issues (discontent at police’s attitude to racial minorities. The inquiry into the police’s handling of the 1993 murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence led directly to new anti-discrimination legislation passed in 2000.

Stephen Lawrence

Health       

The National Health Service Founded in 1948 Free to every legal resident of the U.K Emergency treatment is also free to visitors Services are free at the point of use Funded through the general taxation system Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance: it is used by about 8% of the population

Education                

Five stages: early years, primary, secondary, further and higher education. Full time education is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 Only limited funding available for nursery education. Many parents are obliged to contribute Primary and secondary education is free in state schools Types of schools: State (free to everyone) follow the national curriculum Academy schools are directly funded by the Ministry of Education and by pass local authority control (started in 2000) Private or independent schools Public schools (fee-paying but some free places open to pupils under scholarship schemes) Further education, a means to attain an intermediate or follow up qualification to begin specific career path (after the age of 16) Higher Education, higher level than secondary schools, usually universities 16 years old  G.C.S.E  General Certificate of Secondary Education 18 years old  ‘A’ levels – advanced level University finding: For home students, institutions in England and Wales can charge up to a maximum of £9 000 per year for under-graduate programmes Average cost of living (outside of London) around £12 000 per year.

British Custom Tradition     

Pubs Café culture Fish and Chips Curries Interest in gastronomy Pub In London

Sport    

Football Rugby Cricket Snooker

The 2012 Olympic Games 

Became the most visited country after this event until 2017

Christmas Traditions    

People singing in the street People sending cards Kissing under the mistletoe The Queen’s speech (3pm Christmas Day)

Christmas Dinner  

Roast Turkey, roast potatoes, Brussel sprouts, parsnip, gravy, stuffing, sausages, bacon, bread sauce, cranberry sauce. The Christmas pudding

Day after Christmas 

Boxing Day Sport (The Aristocracy gave a box with money or present to their servants

January Sales 

First Day: 26th December – Boxing Day

Shrove Tuesday 

Pancake day

Good Friday 

Hot Cross buns

Easter Day  Easter eggs May Day  

Dancing around the maypole Morris dancers

Summer Holidays  

Minimum of four weeks’ annual paid holidays Around 50% still go abroad

Hot Cross Buns

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But beginning of ‘satycation’ Bank Holidays – 1st January, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Labour Day, May Bank Holiday, August Bank Holiday, Christmas Day, Boxing Day.

Guy Fawkes Day 

5th November

Remembrance Sunday 

People wear Poppies and the one who sell it give the money to a charity

British Politics General Election     

Held every 5 years, but an election can be called earlier The people vote for their member of parliament (MP) for their constituency The party with the mots MP’s forms the government The head of the party with the most MPs is appointed Prime Minister First past the post system – election with one round only

Guy Fawkes Day

The Main parties                

Conservatives: Founded in 1834 by Benjamin Disraeli Party of the center right Promotion of private property and entreprise Also known as the Tory Party The Labour Party: Founded in 1900 by the trade union movement and various socialist parties In the 1990’s the party was restructured and moved further to the centre and was known as ‘New Labour’, enabling Tony Blair to win the general election in 1997. The Liberal Democrats: Its’ the center party Founded in 1988 from a merger of the liberal party and the social democrats UKIP: United Kingdom Independence Party Far Right Founded in 1993 At the 2005 general election, the party gained the third largest vote share and one seat in the House of commons

The government          

Theresa May = Prime Minister David Cameron – resigned after Brexit The Cabinet Formed with the twenty or so most senior ministers Chancellor of the Exchequer = Philip Hammond The Home Secretary = Amber Rudd The Cabinet – Boris Johnson – Foreign Secretary Leader of the opposition – Jeremy Corbyn (Elected by the Labour Party after the defeat of Ed Miliband in the May 2015 General Election) The Opposition Forms a shadow cabinet, made up of a shadow ministers

David Cameron

The Houses of Parliament       

Parliaments examines what the Government is doing, make new laws, holds the power to set taxes and debates the issues of the day Parliament is made up of The House of Commons and The House of Lords. The main functions of the UK Parliament are to: Check and challenge the work of the Government (scrutiny) Make and change laws (legislation) Debate the important issues of the day (debating) Check and approve Government spending (budget/taxes)

The House of Commons 

The UK public elects 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) to represent their interests and concerns in the House of Commons. MPs consider and propose new laws and can scrutinise government policies by asking ministers questions about current issues either in The Commons Chamber or in Committees.

The House of Lords 

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Second Chamber of the UK Parliament. It is independent from, and complements the work of, the elected House of Commons. The Lords shares the tasks of making and shaping laws and checking and challenging the work of the government. The House of Lords has three main roles: Holding the government to account Making Laws The House of Lords In-depth consideration of public policy 790 Members The Majority are life peers. Members of the House of Lords are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. Some non-party-political members are recommended by an independent body, the House of Lords Appointments Commission 26 bishops (évêques) also sit in the House of Lords In 1999 The House of Lords Act excluded most hereditary Peers from the Upper House as the Government embarked on a new phase reform

Passing Legislation     

Before proposals for laws, known as Bills, are introduced into Parliament, there is often consultation or discussion with interested parties White and Green Papers Proposals for legislative changes may be contained in government White Papers. These may be preceded by consultation papers, sometimes called Green Papers. A Draft Bill is a Bill that is published to enable consultation and pre-legislative scrutiny before a Bill is formally introduced into either the House of Commons or House of Lords. A Bills is proposed law which is introduced into Parliament. Once a Bill has been debated and then approved by each House of Parliament, and has received Royal Assent, it becomes law and is known as an Act.

The Role the monarch in parliament    

The Queen’s role in Parliament is: Assenting to Bills passed by Parliament, on the advice of Ministers: Giving audiences to Ministers, at which Her Majesty may be consulted, encourage and warn Summoning New Parliaments and, on the advice of her Government, appointing the date of its first meeting Opening and closing (proroguing) each session of Parliament.

Other Vocabulary

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The Speaker of the House of Commons chairs debate in the Commons Chamber and the holder of this office is an MP who has been elected by other MPs Front benchers – members of the government and the shadow government Back benchers – members with no government function Whips – their role is to encourage members of their party to vote (Make sure people of the party are present)

Scotland 

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In 1998 Scotland Bill was passed by the British Parliament. In 1999 the first elections took place and in July 1999 the Queen, as Head of State, came to Edinburgh to officially open the new Scottish Parliament. Now has devolved government and makes most of the decisions relating to domestic matters Health, Education, Law, Sport, Tourism, Transport … However, a number are controlled by the Westminster Government Scottish voters are therefore represented in the both Parliaments. For Scotland they elect 129 MSPs and for their British representation they elect 59 MPs The First Minister is Nicola Sturgeon However, in the 2015 general election, for the UK parliament, the SNP gained 56 of the 59 Scottish seats and are presently the 3rd largest party in the Westminster Parliament. Law of Scotland

Wales 

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The National Assembly for Wales is a devolved assembly with power to make legislation in Wales. It is commonly also known as the Welsh Assembly. Members are elected to five-years terms Created in 1998

Northern Ireland    

Ireland separated into 2. The Division was a religion one. The Catholics in Northern Ireland wanted one country and the Protestant wanted to stay in the UK. Now they have a devolved Parliament for local issues.

British Religion

Church of England    

Supreme governor – the Monarch Head of the Curch – The Archbishop of Canterbury-Justin Welby In October 2014, approximately 980,000 people participated in a Church of England service each week. In 2014, approximately 2,4 million people participated in a church of England service on Christmas Day or Christmas Eve.

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Latest available statistics indicate 1 in 4 primary schools and 1 in 16 secondary schools in England are Church of England schools. Approximately 1 million pupils are educated in more than 4,700 Church of England schools. Around 15 million people alive today went to a Church of England School. The Church is linked to the state so civil mariages can take place in Church Church of England ministers are paid a salary, can marry and have children The Church of England is part of the worldwide Anglican communion The Anglican communion is the third largest Christian communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Women became priests since 1994 Libby Lane became the first female bishop in 2014

Other Christian religions   

Roman Catholic (5million) Church of Scotland (2million) Methodist (Half a million)

The 2011 Census    

Christianity was the largest religion, with 33.2 million people (59.3 per cent of the population) The second largest religious group were Muslims with 2.7 million people (4,8 per cent of the population) 14.1 million people, around a quarter of the population in England and Wales, reported they have no religion in 2011 The religion question was the only voluntary question on the 2011 census and 7,2 per cent of the population did not answer the question.

Islam  

Second largest religion In 2011 (last census) – 2 800 000 followers – 4,4% of the population, most of whom live in England.

Other Religions     

Hindu...