Société culture anglaise PDF

Preview

Summary

Download Société culture anglaise PDF

Description

SOCIÉTÉ CULTURE ANGLAISE Regular background reading on Moodle Read one novel -The secret River, Kate Grenville -White Heat, M.J McGrath Written assignment set early November in before January 4th 2 films: Australia, Rabbit proof Fence, the adventures of Priscilla, Charlie’s country, Gallipoli, Mabo, Walkabout, Ten Canoes 1. Geography & demographics (Australia) Largest island, smallest continent, 6th largest nation, 2x size of Eu or Asian, population concentrated in coastal zones 80% live within 100km of coast. Association of Southeast Asian Nations * 8 parts/ entities Note proximity to PNG, Indonesia, Malaysia Another neighbor = New Zealand Australian Capital Territory (162/km) New south wales, 9.3 Victoria, 25 Queensland, 2.7 South Australia Western Australia Tasmania, 7,2 Northern Territories: 6 states, and act… then south Australia, administrated from NSW and now gas delegated power from Canberra Is not a State yet, Referendum in 1998 rejected statehood by slim margin. Aboriginal peoples & Torres Strait Islanders 2011, Cesus 548 370 identified themselves as such (out of 21,5 million) More than half of the Indigenous population in NSW or Queensland Northern Highest population of Indigenous People -2006 Indigenous territorials= 56 776 (26ù of the population) Torres Strait Islanders are ethnically distinct from aborigines: they are of Melanesian descent

Immigration 2011 Census 24,6% of population born overseas 43% have at least one overseas, born parent UK -> 20% Economy: Decimalization in 1963 AUD= Australian dollar 1€ = 1.5 AUD Tyranny of distance:

Antipodean advantage of adjacency Reorientation towards the Asia Pacific region Dependence vis à vis China What happens after the boom? Exportation, Importation Economic foundations  Mineral extractions and commodities (coal, oil, gas)  Agricultural produce  Services BBC talking business Australia

26/09/2017 1) Discovery  The Commonwealth of Australia  Aborigines=origins were first discoverers  Came from the north over a land bridges  Nomadic Terra Australis Incognita 

The ancient Greeks believed that there must be a large land mass in the South Seas to balance the northern hemisphere.

New Holland    

1606 Willem Jansz landed on the north coast, the Spaniard, Torres sailed through the named the Torres Straits 1642: Abel Janszoon Tasman Accosted on Van Diemen’s Land Sighted Nieeuw Zeeland but couldn’t land because of the Maori

Great Barrier reef Bougainville was blocked by Reef 1769 Captain James Cook sent out by the Royal Society o Circumnavigated New Zeeland o Mapped entire coast o Cordial relations with Maori Botany Bay  1770 landed in Australia o Naturalists drawing, botany bay o Banks, Rosa Bankasia o Mapped east coast o Claimed new south Wales frome George III o Later discovered New Caledonia o Killed by natives on Hawaii looking for North West passage  

Noble savage or missing link?    

Attitudes to indigenous population Cook admired Maori, traded with them George III ordered that the indigenous tribes be well treated (subjects of his Majesty) Aborigines were romanticized or considered subhuman and in any case decimated.

2- Settlement 

Enclosure & early industrialization in Britain -> migration to towns, poverty, crimes

  

Prison overflowing, America not an option -> deportation 1788, 11 ships, 1000 criminals arrived in Sydney Cove (January) Mid-summer = difficult start

Penal colonies Numbers deported-estimate 160 000 Tolpuddle martyrs, Chartists (Louise Michel and Communards in New Caledonia) Large proportion of Irish (1/4) 1803 Devil’s Island colony established Deportation ended 1853 except Western Australia –resorted to prisoners 1850-1868 to develop the colony. Banished     

“There’s a shocking premise at the heart of it and the premise…It’s about foo, sex and shelter, the three basic requirements of the human condition.” Sydney Morning Herald, 15 June 2005. Convict culture     

“Assignment” of convicts (Secret River) o Less expensive to assign them as labourers than to keep them locked up Free after end of sentence, but some could never return to GB Ticket to leave (authorization to work elsewhere) & pardons; positive incentive = more effective than flogging Few women – impact on society Harsh reputation – drink, debauchery, violence

‘Civilized’ settlement    

1820s more free settlers -> link with industrialization in Britain, Highland Clearances Wool production Need for labour Assisted migration from 1831 to populate Australia + stop emigrants going to the US o Wakefield Scheme

Land tenure & boundaries



Land allocated by the Crown - Rented or sold to free settlers, emacipitsts, militaru - Some land’squatted’ by ticket of meave convicts… - Demand for land rose because of growing population, expansion of wool trade 1829 – Limits of location set by Governor, defines perimeter of authorized settlement



1835 Gov Bourke’s proclamation



o Civilian attempted to buy land from Aborigines o Bourke proclaimed Terra nullius = land belonged to no-one prior to the British crown taking possession o This effectively disposed the Aborigines o Stayed in force -> Mabo Case (1992) o Who would occupy this empty land? Who occupied this land ? Emancipists Ex-military Squatters Selectors=farming families Urban proletariat in coastal towns Gold – Diggers Bushrangers Surviving aboriginal people Mainly with European by late the 19 century, but some Chinese & Melanesian workers – this lead to racist attacks on Asian immigrants -

1861- Crowns land acts - Attempt at regulating land occupation and enabling smaller farmers to acquire land o any person could select 320 acres max o Had to pay a deposit and live on land 3 years - Like Homestead Act in US (1862) Consequences Limited use of Crown lands by Aboriginal people by restricting use of pastoral lands. Colonies Establishment New south Wales (1788) administered all of the east at first: - Penal colony - Oldest, most populous - Dominated other colonies until 1850s (Australian Government Act) Van Diemen’s Island was split off into a separate penal colony (1803-1854) 1836-1829 Northern Territories    

Administrated by NSW then by the SA Not a state, but has an elected Parliament, with power delegated from Canberra Population more Aboriginal inhabitants, younger population Mining and tourism (Uluru & national parks)

Gold rush Numbers coming to Australia 1851-1860: 300 000 from England to Wales

100 000 from Scotland 84 000 from Ireland Eureka Stockade    

1854-armed rebellion of goldminers in Ballarat against unfair government licenses & corruption Sparked by overzealous inspections and prosecution of local crony involved in murdering a miner -> licenses burned Diggers swore an oath on the Southern Cross Crushed by army but demands met by Gold Fields Commission (1855)

Constitutionalizing the colonies After settlement – state making 1850-1855 = burst of constitutional activity - Australian govern act Federation Discussions and conventions on federation held (1891 & 1897) Invited the New Zeeland at first Referenda 1898-9 Commonwealth of Australia 1901 o Colonies became states o Women’s suffrage  Couldn’t go back on rights in SA & WA  Other states obliged to follow o Aborigines didn’t get right to vote UNTIL 1962 Commonwealt Dawn:    

1901: Mostly English, Scottish, Irish descent Immigration Restriction Act 1901, migration 1900-1914 Federation stimulated agriculture and manufacturing 1904 first Labor government Introduction of Arbitration and Conciliation Act, trade union legislation Australia was in advance, but was deferential to the ‘motherland’ (inferiority complex)...