CDPreport our energy future lpu cse 2021 PDF

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Annexure-I OUR FUTURE ENERGY NAME OF THE ORGANIZATION COURSERA : University of California San Diego

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

Submitted to LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY PHAGWARA, PUNJAB

From 1/06/21 to 7/07/21

Submitted by : Avanish Kumar Bind Registration number: 12018053

Annexure-II:

STUDENT DECLARATION

To whom so ever it may concern

I Avanish Kumar Bind, Registration Number 12018053 , hereby declare that the course “Our Energy Future” completed by me from Jun, 2021 to Jul, 2021 is a record of my course completion for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree, B-Tech.

Name of the student : -Avanish Kumar Bind Registration number: -12018053

CERTIFICATE

ENERGY

In physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. There are, moreover, heat and work— i.e., energy in the process of transfer from one body to another. After it has been transferred, energy is always designated according to its nature. Hence, heat transferred may become thermal energy, while work done may manifest itself in the form of mechanical energy. ENERGY AND AGRICULTURE : Agriculture is itself an energy conversion process, namely the conversion of solar energy

through photosynthesis to food energy for humans and feed for animals. Primitive agriculture involved little more than scattering seeds on the land and accepting the scanty yields that resulted. Modern agriculture requires an energy input at all stages of agricultural production such as direct use of energy in farm machinery, water management, irrigation, cultivation and harvesting. Post-harvest energy use includes energy for food processing, storage and in transport to markets. In addition, there are many indirect or sequestered

energy inputs used in agriculture in the form of mineral fertilizers and chemical pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. PETROLEUM :

Petroleum, also called crude oil, is a fossil fuel. Like coal and natural gas, petroleum was formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms, such as plants, algae, and bacteria. Over millions of years of intense heat and pressure, these organic remains (fossils)

transformed into carbon-rich substances we rely on as raw materials for fuel and a wide variety of products. Millions of years ago, algae and plants lived in shallow seas. After dying and sinking to the seafloor, the organic material mixed with other sediments and was buried. Over millions of years under high pressure and high temperature, the remains of these organisms transformed into what we know today as fossil fuels. Coal, natural gas, and petroleum are all fossil fuels that formed under similar conditions. There are huge quantities of petroleum found under Earth’s surface and in tar pits that bubble to the surface. Petroleum even exists far below the deepest wells that are developed to extract it.

However, petroleum, like coal and natural gas, is a non-renewable source of energy. It took millions of years for it to form, and when it is extracted and consumed, there is no way for us to replace it. ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS: A RENEWABLE SOURSE OF ENERGY Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that biomimics the natural process of photosynthesis to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen. The term artificial photosynthesis is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel). Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into hydrogen and oxygen and is a major

research topic of artificial photosynthesis. Research of this topic includes the design and assembly of devices for the direct production of solar fuels, photoelectrochemistry and its application in fuel cells, and the engineering of enzymes and photoautotrophic microorganisms for microbial biofuel and biohydrogen production from sunlight. The solar energy can be immediately converted and stored.The byproducts of these reactions are environmentally friendly. Artificially photosynthesized fuel would be a carbonneutral source of energy, which could be used for transportation or homes. But Materials used for artificial photosynthesis often corrode in water, so they may be less stable

than photovoltaics over long periods of time. The cost is not (yet) advantageous enough to compete with fossil fuels as a commercially viable source of energy WIND TURBINE: Wind power is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy technologies. Usage is on the rise worldwide, in part because costs are falling. Global installed wind-generation capacity onshore and offshore has increased by a factor of almost 75 in the past two decades, jumping from 7.5 gigawatts (GW) in 1997 to some 564 GW by 2018, according to IRENA's latest data. Production of wind electricity doubled between 2009 and 2013, and in 2016 wind energy accounted for 16% of the electricity generated by renewables. Many parts of the

world have strong wind speeds, but the best locations for generating wind power are sometimes remote ones. Offshore wind power offers tremendous potential. Wind is used to produce electricity using the kinetic energy created by air in motion. This is transformed into electrical energy using wind turbines or wind energy conversion systems. Wind first hits a turbine’s blades, causing them to rotate and turn the turbine connected to them. That changes the kinetic energy to rotational energy, by moving a shaft which is connected to a generator, and thereby producing electrical energy through electromagnetism.

The amount of power that can be harvested from wind depends on the size of the turbine and the length of its blades. The output is proportional to the dimensions of the rotor and to the cube of the wind speed. Theoretically, when wind speed doubles, wind power potential increases by a factor of eight. NUCLEAR ENERGY: Around the world, 440 nuclear reactors currently provide over 10 percent of global electricity. In the U.S., nuclear power plants have generated almost 20 percent of electricity for the last 20 years. Most of the nuclear plants operating today were designed to last 25 to 40 years and with an average age of 35 years, a quarter of them in developed countries will likely be shut down by 2025. After the Fukushima meltdown, a number of countries began to consider phasing out their nuclear programs, with Germany expected to shut down its entire nuclear fleet by 2022.

The U.S. has 95 nuclear reactors in operation, but only one new reactor has started up in the last 20 years. Over 100 new nuclear reactors are being planned in other countries, and 300 more are proposed, with China, India, and Russia leading the way.

All commercial reactors generate heat through nuclear fission, wherein the nucleus of a uranium atom is split into smaller atoms (called the fission products). The splitting releases neutrons that trigger a chain reaction in other uranium atoms. As the atoms split, they release a tremendous amount of energy—a kilogram of uranium undergoing fission releases three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal being burned. Coolant, often water, circulates around the reactor core to absorb the heat that fission creates; the heat boils the water, creating pressurized steam to turn a turbine and generate electricity. Reactor fuel is usually uranium in pellets that are placed in fuel rods and arranged in the reactor’s core. A 1,000MW nuclear reactor might contain as many as 51,000 rods with over 18 million pellets. PHOTOVOLTAIC AND PHOTOTHERMAL ENERGY: Photovoltaic energy is based on the photovoltaic effect, by which a photon (elementary particle of light) impacts a panel composed of semiconductors. Silicon is the main element in Semi-conductors. When the photon impacts semi-conductors it releases electrons. This reaction generates electricity through exposure to light. In photovoltaic energy solar panels, the semiconductors are shaped into thin layers that produce an electric current. These semiconductors comprise the core element of solar cells Semiconductors capture the electric current converting it into electricity for the house or business. Photo thermal operates on the principle that a fluid (water or other fluid) circulates in tubes

in the solar panel while the sun’s rays heat it. Flat plate panels or evacuated tubes hold water and circulate it through the water heating or home heating system with the use of pumps, These are “active systems”. Water that circulates using the thermosyphon method is a method of passive heat exchange. Thermosyphon is a natural method based on convection; as the water heats up it will push the cooler water. Residential solar thermal heating is usually combined with backup boilers to provide year-round heat and hot water. Solar thermal energy is used to heat water and is also used for home heating by means of radiant floor, wall, ceiling, and roof piping in radiant panels. Solar photovoltaic panels produce electricity, while solar thermal systems produce heat. While both of these processes are energy efficient, solar photovoltaic only works during the day when the sun is out. It can work on cloudy days, but the energy producing capacity will reduce to 10-30%. Water heated by solar thermal will store for later use making it more energy efficient. Most solar thermal systems have hot water storage tanks that will store the heated water until needed. Vehicles using electricity: Research has shown that electric cars are better for the environment. They emit fewer greenhouse gases and air pollutants than petrol or diesel cars. And this takes into account their production and electricity generation to keep them running. The major benefit of electric vehicles is the contribution that they can make towards improving air quality in towns and cities. With no tailpipe, pure electric cars produce no carbon dioxide emissions when driving. This reduces air pollution considerably.

Put simply, electric cars give us cleaner streets making our towns and cities a better place to be for pedestrians and cyclists. In over a year, just one electric car on the roads can save an average 1.5 million grams of CO2. That’s the equivalent of four return flights from London to Barcelona. even with electricity generation, the carbon emissions of an electric car are around 17 – 30% lower than driving a petrol or diesel car. SMART GRID: A SMART WAY TO SUSTAIN THE ENERGY With the increasingly serious energy shortage and global warming, sustainable development has become an urgent requirement all over the world. The integration of smart grid technologies, sustainable energy resources and low-carbon emissions in power system is an important route to sustainable development. However, the difficulties in dealing with intermittent power and the low utilization efficiency of power system appeared to be obstacles. Firstly, smart grid techniques improve the amount of intermittent renewable generation in power system, increasing the capacity of grid-connected clean energy such as solar energy, wind energy and photovoltaic system. Secondly, smart grid promotes energy saving in power system. The main advantage of smart grid is that it can improve the utilization efficiency of power system and the power consuming efficiency.

BIOLOGICAL ENERGY SOURCES 1) CORN ETHANOL:

India’s attempts at crop diversification are expected to get a boost as the country plans to tap substantially quantities of corn (maize) for producing ethanol for its fuel blending programme, which is expected to mix 20 per cent ethanol with motor spirit by 2025-26.

India would be needing close to 156 lakh tonnes of grains, mainly corn, for meeting its ethanol production target in 2025-26. Currently, corn ethanol is mainly used in blends with gasoline to create mixtures such as E10, E15, and E85. Ethanol is mixed into more than 98% of United States gasoline to reduce air pollution. Corn ethanol is used as an oxygenate when mixed with gasoline. E10 and E15 can be used in all engines without modification. However, blends like E85, with a much greater ethanol content, require significant modifications to be made before an engine can run on the mixture without damaging the engine. Some vehicles that currently use E85 fuel, also called flex fuel, include, the Ford Focus, Dodge Durango, and Toyota Tundra, among others. The future use of corn ethanol as a main gasoline replacement is unknown. Corn ethanol has yet to be proven to be as cost effective as gasoline due to corn ethanol being much more expensive to create compared to gasoline.

2) CELLULOSIC ETHANOL:

Cellulosic ethanol is a type of biofuel produced from lignocellulose, a material that

comprises much of the mass of plants. Corn stover, switchgrass, miscanthus and woodchip are some of the more popular nonedible cellulosic materials for ethanol production. Commercial investment in such second-generation biofuels began in 2006/2007, and much of this investment went beyond pilot-scale plants. Cellulosic ethanol commercialisation is moving forward rapidly. The world’s first commercial wood-to-ethanol plant began operation in Japan in 2007, with a capacity of 1.4 million litres/year. The first wood-to-ethanol plant in the United States is planned for 2008 with an initial output of 75 million litres/year. Researchers have been working on breaking down cell walls for many years. There still is no quick or efficient way to break down the cell walls using biological pathways. The cost for producing ethanol from plant material is more expensive than ethanol produced from corn. In January 2009, the first cellulosic ethanol plant in the United States began production Biomass is bulky when harvested. It is challenging to transport very far. Researchers estimate that perennial grasses in large bales can be transported economically for 30-50 miles. Researchers are identifying ways to compact or densify the plant material. One

way to create dense material is to compact it into pellets. This takes specialized equipment that can compact the plant material under high pressure. These pellets allow the plant material to be transported longer distances and to be stored conveniently. The pellets may be burned in coal-powered boilers, which can create energy while reducing net carbon emissions. 1 acre of corn = 150-300 bushels of corn = 420-840 gallons of ethanol vs. 1 acre of grass = 5-15 tons of plant material = 150-1200 gallons of ethanol

3) JATROPHA:

Biofuel development in India centres mainly around the cultivation and processing of Jatropha plant seeds which are very rich in oil (40%). The drivers for this are historic, functional, economic, environmental, moral and political. Jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities; jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and engines. Jatropha has the potential to provide economic benefits at the local level since under suitable management it has the potential to grow in dry marginal non-agricultural lands, thereby allowing villagers and farmers to leverage non-farm land for income generation. As well, increased Jatropha oil production delivers

economic benefits to India on the macroeconomic or national level as it reduces the nation's fossil fuel import bill for diesel production (the main transportation fuel used in the country); minimising the expenditure of India's foreign-currency reserves for fuel allowing India to increase its growing foreign currency reserves (which can be better spent on capital expenditures for industrial inputs and production). And since Jatropha oil is carbon-neutral, large-scale production will improve the country's carbon emissions profile. Finally, since no food producing farmland is required for producing this biofuel (unlike corn or sugar cane ethanol, or palm oil diesel), it is considered the most politically and morally acceptable choice among India's current biofuel options; it has no known negative impact on the production of the massive amounts grains and other vital agriculture goods India produces to meet the food requirements of its massive population (circa 1.1 Billion people as of 2008). Other biofuels which displace food crops from viable agricultural land such as corn ethanol or palm biodiesel have caused serious price increases for basic food grains and edible oils in other countries. India's total biodiesel requirement is projected to grow to 3.6 million tonnes in 2011–12, with the positive performance of the domestic automobile industry. Analysis from Frost & Sullivan, Strategic Analysis of the Indian Biofuels Industry, reveals that the market is an emerging one and has a long way to go before it catches up with global competitors.The Government is currently implementing an ethanol-blending program and considering initiatives in the form of mandates for biodiesel. Due to these strategies, the rising population, and the growing energy demand from the transport sector, biofuels can be assured of a significant market in India. 4) CYANOBACTERIA:

Cyanobacteria have great potential as a platform for biofuel production because of their fast growth, ability to fix carbon dioxide gas, and their genetic tractability. Furthermore they do not require fermentable sugars or arable land for growth and so competition with cropland would be greatly reduced. In this perspective we discuss the challenges and areas for improvement most pertinent for advancing cyanobacterial fuel production, including:

improving genetic parts, carbon fixation, metabolic flux, nutrient requirements on a large scale, and photosynthetic efficiency using natural light. 5) GREEN ALGAE :

The green technology sector has fallen out of love with algae as a feedstock for biofuel production, but there is hope yet for algae-derived fuel in the long-term A decade ago, the green technology space was alight with the energy potential of algae. Fuel derived from algae, dubbed the ‘third-generation biofuel’, holds several key advantages over earlier feedstocks based on plant crops such as sugar cane and corn (the first generation of biofuel production) and vegetable or animal waste streams (the second). These algal advantages include higher biofuel yields compared to previous systems, a diverse list of possible fuel types including biodiesel, butanol, ethanol and even jet fuel, as well as the fact that large-scale algae cultivation – whether in open ponds or more advanced closed-loop systems – can be done on land unsuitable for food crops, removing a key concern that biofuel feedstock crops would compete with food producers. 6) BIOGAS: Biogas is an energy-rich gas produced by anaerobic decomposition or thermochemical conversion of biomass. Biogas is composed mostly of methane (CH4), the same compound in natural gas, and carbon dioxide (CO2). The methane content of raw (untreated) biogas may vary from 40%–60%, with CO2 making up most of the remainder along with small amounts of water vapor and other gases. Biogas can be burned directly as a fuel or treated to remove the CO2 and other gases for use just like natural gas. Treated biogas may be called renewable natural gas or biomethane. Anaerobic decomposition of biomass occurs when anaerobic bacteria—bacteria that live without the presence of free oxygen—eat and break down, or digest, biomass and produce

biogas. Anaerobic bacteria occur naturally in soils, in water bodies such as swamps and lakes, and in the digestive tracts of humans and animals. Biogas forms in and can be collected from municipal solid waste landfills and livestock manure holding ponds. Biogas can also be produced under controlled conditions in special tanks called anaerobic digesters. The...