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Test 1 - Principles of Cell Biology Study online at quizlet.com/_4e46fh 1.

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group polar head, nonpolar tail

phospholipids

2.

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

triglyceride

3.

active transport carrier protein move 1 molecule at a time

uniporters

4.

active transport carrier protein move 2 molecules in opposite directions

antiporters

5.

active transport carrier protein move 2 molecules in the same direction

symporters

6.

active transport mechanism uses an antiporter ATP is used to change the shape of the carrier protein

Na+/K+ pump

7.

adenine, guanine

purines

8.

All living organisms are made of cells, and all living cells come from pre-existing cells, cells are basic unit/structure of life.

Cell Theory

amino group, carboxyl group, single hydrogen, variable R group

amino acid structure

9.

10.

are charged atoms (cations and anions)

11.

are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions, electron transfer

ionic bonds

12.

are groups of atoms held together in a stable association

molecules

13.

are molecules containing 1+ element

compounds

14.

are molecules with the same chemical formula

isomers

as a cell increases in size, the volume increases 10x faster than the surface area

surface areato-volume ratio

15.

can resolve structures 200nm apart

light microscopes

23.

can resolve structures only .2nm apart

electron microscopes

24.

caused by the adhesive forces exerted by the glass exceeding the cohesive forces between the water molecules

capillary action

25.

the cell is taking a particulate matter

phagocytosis

26.

the cell takes in fluid

pinocytosis

27.

change in the shape of a protein, usually causing loss of function

denaturation

28.

a chemical that accepts/releases hydrogen ions

buffer

29.

a chemical that accepts/removes hydrogen ions

base

30.

a chemical that releases hydrogen ions

acid

31.

common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides

motifs

32.

contain digestive enzymes break down macromolecules for recycling of foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis

lysosomes

33.

creates network of channels throughout the cytoplasm attached ribosomes synthesis of proteins will be secreted sent to lysosomes or to plasma membrane

rough er

34.

the diffusion of water molecules from an area of high to low concentration of water molecules

osmosis

35.

distinguish self from "non-self" cells

MHC proteins

36.

DNA>transcription>RNA>translation>proteins

37.

electronegativity

is an atoms affinity for electrons

38.

energy transfer and storage structure of cells and living systems

carbohydrate functions

39.

enzymes (catalysts) defense transport support motion regulation storage

amino acid functions

ions

atoms of the same element that have different mass (number of neutrons)

isotopes

17.

atoms tend to establish full over energy levels

octet rule

18.

At which level of protein structure as interactions between R-groups most important?

tertiary

19.

bind to a specific molecule to facilitate its passage (this is in facilitated diffusion)

carrier proteins

20.

A __________bond exists between 2 amino acids in a protein.

peptide

21.

can be arranged in tows on the surface of a eukaryotic cell to propel a cell forward

cilia

16.

22.

formula

40.

flattened stacks of interconnected membranes that package and distribute materials to different parts of the cell synthesis of cell wall components

golgi apparatus

60.

membrane bound organelles more complex specialized functions cytoskeleton

eukaryotic cells

41.

folded shape of the polypeptide chain

tertiary structure

61.

membrane sacs within the inner membrane

thylakoids

62.

42.

form when atoms share 2+ valence e-

covalent bonds

fluid mosaic model

43.

functional regions of a polypeptide

domains

membranes consist of a bilayer of phospholipids in which globular proteins are inserted

44.

The general name given to molecules that are attracted to water is?

hydrophilic

63.

monosaccharides-glucose disaccharides polysaccharides

Types of carbohydrates

45.

genetic material cytoplasm plasma membrane

all cells have in common

64.

movement of a molecule from high to low concentration with the help of a carrier protein

facilitated diffusion

have same number of protons and electrons

neutral atoms 65.

passive transport

47.

in an aqueous solution dissolved molecules are the _____________

solutes

movement of molecules through the membrane in which no energy is required and molecules move with the concentration gradient

48.

in an aqueous solution water is the _______

solvent

66.

In DNA, adenine always binds with _______ by hydrogen bonds.

thymine

movement of substances into the cell occurs when the plasma membrane envelops food particles and liquids

endocytosis

49.

50.

insoubles in water, hydrophobic, nonpolar

lipids functions

67.

exocytosis

51.

integral membrane proteins allow the cell to select what passes through the membrane

selective permeability

movement of substances out of the cell occurs when material is discharged from the cell

68.

Name a 6-carbon monosaccharide.

fructose

69.

interaction of groups in the peptide backbone alpha helix (coil) beta sheet (flat )

secondary structure

network of generally protein fiber found in cytoskeleton all eukaryotic cells supports the shape of the cell keep organelles in fixed locations

70.

interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits

quarternary structure

new properties present at on level that are Emergent not seen in the previous level Properties

71.

nonpolar covalent bonds

54.

junctions in animals

gap junctions

equal sharing of electrons

55.

junctions in plants

plasmodesmata

72.

56.

junctions that connect he cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

anchoring junctions

nonpolar polar charged aromatic

amino acid classifications

57.

junctions that create sheets

73.

A nucleic acid chain consists of?

nucleotides

58.

junctions that permit small molecules to pass between cells

communicating junctions

74.

DNA

59.

Lipids that have a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains are known as?

triglycerol

nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds into nucleic acid strands deoxyribose double helix complementary strands genetic info is carried in the sequence of nucleotides

46.

52.

53.

tight junctions

75.

passive movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration

diffusion

76.

polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing of electrons

77.

polar interior allowing polar molecules to pass through

channel proteins

91.

stores genetic material in multiple, linear chromosomes in chromosomes, DNA is organized with proteins to form chromatin surrounded by nuclear envelope composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers

nucleus

92.

sum of protons and neutrons

atomic mass

93.

surround the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists

cell walls

94.

theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved endosymbiosis through symbiotic relationship

95.

thymine, cytosine, uracil

pyramidines

96.

transporters enzymes surface receptors surface identity markers cell-to-cell adhesion proteins attachments to cytoskeleton

membrane protein functions

78.

a possible explanation for an observation

79.

present in some prokaryotic cells totary motion propels the cell uses ATP->ADP to spin

simple flagella

protect cell and maintain shape composed of peptidoglycan or similar substances gram positive (Pink) or gram negative (Purple)

prokaryotic cell walls

81.

Proteins with a carbohydrate attached are called?

glycoprotein

82.

reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed

dehydration synthesis

97.

True of False? Denaturation is essential for proteins to function normally.

False

83.

relatively few ribosomes synthesis of membrane lipids calcium storage detox of foreign substances

smooth er

98.

True or False? Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.

True

99.

ion channels

84.

sequence of amino acids

primary structure

type of channel protein allow the passage of ions which are associated with water

85.

single nucleic acid strand ATP NAD+ contains ribose contains uracil

RNA

100.

type of channel protein open or close in response to a chemical or electrical stimulus

gated channels

101.

uses general principles to make specific predictions

Deductive Reasoning

site of protein synthesis composed of rRNA and proteins found in cytoplasm and attached to membranes

ribosomes

102.

uses specific observation to develop general conclusions

Inductive Reasoning

103.

coupled transport

87.

Solid water is less dense than liquid water

3rd property of water

88.

specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic info

nucleic acid functions

uses the energy released when a molecule moves by diffusion to supply energy to actively transport a different molecule symporter is used works with Na+/K+ pump

89.

specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor

receptor mediated endocytosis

104.

Water can form ions

6th property of water

105.

water channels or pores

aquapoins

106.

water-fearing

hydrophobic

107.

Water has a high hear of vaporization

2nd property of water

80.

86.

90.

stacks of thylakoids

hypothesis

grana

108.

Water has a high specific heat

1st property of water

109.

Water is a good solvent

4th property of water

110.

water-loving

hydrophilic

111.

water molecules stick to OTHER water molecules by hydrogen bonds

cohesion

112.

Water organizes nonpolar molecules

5th property of water

113.

water stuck to other POLAR molecules by hydrogen bonds

adhesion

114.

What chain makes up a polypeptide?

amino acids

115.

What element is found in proteins but not in simple carbohydrates?

R-group

116.

What is a single, rather long tail-like projection that some cells use for locomotion?

flagella

117.

What is a substance that is made up of only one type of atom called?

element

118.

What is the storage carbohydrate found in higher plants?

Starch

119.

What organelle is this the function of? Extracts energy stored in carbohydrates; synthesizes ATP.

Mitochondria

120.

What organelle is this the function of? Synthesizes lipids, processes proteins, and packages cellular secretions for export.

Golgi Bodies

121.

What sugar does RNA contain?

Ribose

122.

Which fats have double bonds in their fatty acid chains?

Unsaturated...