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APPENDIX

P ROP ERT Y TA BLES A ND CHARTS (SI UNITS) Table A–1 Table A–2 Table A–3 Table A–4 Table A–5 Table A–6 Table A–7 Table A–8 Table A–9 Table A–10 Table A–11 Table A–12 Table A–13 Table A–14 Table A–15 Table A–16 Table A–17 Table A–18 Table A–19 Figure A–20

1

Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances 842 Boiling and freezing point properties 843 Properties of solid metals 844–846 Properties of solid nonmetals 847 Properties of building materials 848–849 Properties of insulating materials 850 Properties of common foods 851–852 Properties of miscellaneous materials 853 Properties of saturated water 854 Properties of saturated refrigerant–134a 855 Properties of saturated ammonia 856 Properties of saturated propane 857 Properties of liquids 858 Properties of liquid metals 859 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 860 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 861–862 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 863 Emissivities of surfaces 864–865 Solar radiative properties of materials 866 The Moody chart for friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes 867

841

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842 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances Specific Heat Data at 25C Substance Air Ammonia, NH3 Argon, Ar Bromine, Br2 Isobutane, C4H10 n-Butane, C4H10 Carbon dioxide, CO2 Carbon monoxide, CO Chlorine, Cl2 Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), CHCIF2 Ethane, C2H6 Ethylene, C2H4 Fluorine, F2 Helium, He n-Heptane, C7H16 n-Hexane, C6H14 Hydrogen, H2 Krypton, Kr Methane, CH4 Neon, Ne Nitrogen, N2 Nitric oxide, NO Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 Oxygen, O2 n-Pentane, C5H12 Propane, C3H8 Propylene, C3H6 Steam, H2O Sulfur dioxide, SO2 Tetrachloromethane, CCI4 Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), C2H2F4 Trifluoroethane (R-143a), C2H3F3 Xenon, Xe

Molar Mass M, kg/kmol 28.97 17.03 39.95 159.81 58.12 58.12 44.01 28.01 70.905 86.47 30.070 28.054 38.00 4.003 100.20 86.18 2.016 83.80 16.04 20.183 28.01 30.006 46.006 32.00 72.15 44.097 42.08 18.015 64.06 153.82 102.03 84.04 131.30

Gas Constant R, kJ/kg · K* 0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0.05202 0.1430 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.1173 0.09615 0.2765 0.2964 0.2187 2.077 0.08297 0.09647 4.124 0.09921 0.5182 0.4119 0.2968 0.2771 0.1889 0.2598 0.1152 0.1885 0.1976 0.4615 0.1298 0.05405 0.08149 0.09893 0.06332

cp, kJ/kg · K

cv, kJ/kg · K

k  cp /cv

1.005 2.093 0.5203 0.2253 1.663 1.694 0.8439 1.039 0.4781 0.6496 1.744 1.527 0.8237 5.193 1.649 1.654 14.30 0.2480 2.226 1.030 1.040 0.9992 0.8060 0.9180 1.664 1.669 1.531 1.865 0.6228 0.5415 0.8334 0.9291 0.1583

0.7180 1.605 0.3122 0.1732 1.520 1.551 0.6550 0.7417 0.3608 0.5535 1.468 1.231 0.6050 3.116 1.566 1.558 10.18 0.1488 1.708 0.6180 0.7429 0.7221 0.6171 0.6582 1.549 1.480 1.333 1.403 0.4930 0.4875 0.7519 0.8302 0.09499

1.400 1.304 1.667 1.300 1.094 1.092 1.288 1.400 1.325 1.174 1.188 1.241 1.362 1.667 1.053 1.062 1.405 1.667 1.303 1.667 1.400 1.384 1.306 1.395 1.074 1.127 1.148 1.329 1.263 1.111 1.108 1.119 1.667

*The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kPa · m3/kg · K. The gas constant is calculated from R  RU /M, where RU  8.31447 kJ/kmol · K is the universal gas constant and M is the molar mass. Source: Specific heat values are obtained primarily from the property routines prepared by The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD.

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843 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–2 Boiling and freezing point properties Boiling Data at l atm

Substance Ammonia

Normal Latent Heat of Boiling Vaporization Point, C hfg, kJ/kg 33.3

1357

Freezing Data Freezing Point, C 77.7

322.4

Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n-Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane

185.9 80.2

161.6 394

189.3 5.5

103.9 0.5 78.4* 78.2 78.6 198.1 179.9 268.9 252.8 11.7 204–293 356.7 161.5

— 385.2 230.5 (at 0C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4

17.4 138.5 56.6 114.2 156 10.8 18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2

109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4

Methanol Nitrogen

64.5 195.8

1100 198.6

97.7 210

99.2 25.3

124.8

306.3

57.5

180.7

218.8

13.7

187.7

80.0

Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane

183 — 42.1

Refrigerant-134a

26.1

Water

100

212.7 230–384 427.8

216.8

2257

96.6

0.0

Liquid Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion Temperature, Density hif , kJ/kg C r, kg/m3

28 126 — 80.3

—

333.7

Specific Heat cp, kJ/kg · K

33.3 20 0 25 185.6 20

682 665 639 602 1394 879

4.43 4.52 4.60 4.80 1.14 1.72

20 0.5 0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20 42.1 0 50 50 26.1 0 25 0 25 50 75 100

1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13,560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640 581 529 449 1443 1374 1295 1207 1000 997 988 975 958

3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.79 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0 2.25 2.53 3.13 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.43 4.22 4.18 4.18 4.19 4.22

* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5C.)

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844 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K)

Properties at 300 K

Melting Point, K

r kg/m3

933

2702

903

237

97.1

Alloy 2024-T6 775 (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.6% Mn) Alloy 195, Cast (4.5% Cu) Beryllium 1550

2770

875

177

73.0

2790 1850

883 1825

Bismuth

545

9780

122

2573

2500

1107

27.0

Cadmium

594

8650

231

96.8

Chromium

2118

7160

449

93.7

Cobalt

1769

8862

421

99.2

Copper: Pure

1358

8933

385

401

117

Commercial bronze 1293 (90% Cu, 10% Al) Phosphor gear bronze 1104 (89% Cu, 11% Sn) Cartridge brass 1188 (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Constantan 1493 (55% Cu, 45% Ni) Germanium 1211

8800

420

52

14

8780

355

54

17

8530

380

110

8920

384

23

5360

322

59.9

Composition Aluminum: Pure

Boron

cp k a  106 J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s 100

168 200 7.86

200

400

600

800

302 482 65

237 798 163

240 949 186

231 1033 186

218 1146

473

787

925

1042

1000

68.2 59.2

174 185 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 6.59 16.5 9.69 7.04 112 120 127 9.76 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85 128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338 48.4 203 99.3 94.7 198 222 242 29.1 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 192 384 484 542 581 616 26.6 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1 236 379 450 503 550 628

33.9 6.71 34.7

393 397 52 160 65 — 137 395

379 417 59 545 74 — 149 425

366 433

352 451

17 237 232 190 327 109 172 90

413 356 42 785 41 — 95 360 19 362 96.8 290 323 124 153 122

43.2 337 311 131 144 133

27.3 348 298 135 138 138

19.8 357 284 140 132 144

17.4 375 270 145 126 153

75

Gold

1336

19,300

129

317

Iridium

2720

22,500

130

147

Iron: Pure

1810

7870

447

80.2

23.1

134 216

94.0 384

69.5 490

54.7 574

43.3 32.8 680 975

7870

447

72.7

20.7

95.6 215

80.6 384

65.7 490

53.1 574

42.2 32.3 680 975

7854

434

60.5

17.7

7832

434

63.9

18.8

7817

446

51.9

14.9

56.7 487 58.7 559 49.8 501

48.0 39.2 30.0 559 685 1169 48.8 39.2 31.3 685 1168 44.0 37.4 29.3 582 699 971

Armco (99.75% pure) Carbon steels: Plain carbon (Mn  1% Si  0.1%) AISI 1010

127

482 252

50.3

487 Carbon–silicon (Mn  1% 0.1%  Si  0.6%)

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845 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Continued)

Composition

Melting Point, K

Carbon–manganese–silicon (1%  Mn  1.65% 0.1%  Si  0.6%) Chromium (low) steels: 1 Cr– 1 2 4 Mo–Si (0.18% C, 0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si) 1 Cr– 21 Mo (0.16% C, 1% Cr, 0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si) 1 Cr–V (0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 0.15% V) Stainless steels: AISI 302

Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K)/cp(J/kg · K)

Properties at 300 K r kg/m3

cp k a  106 J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s 100

800

1000

41.0

11.6

42.2 487

39.7 559

7822

444

37.7

10.9

38.2

36.7

7858

442

42.3

12.2

492 42.0

575 39.1

688 969 34.5 27.4

7836

443

48.9

14.1

492 46.8

575 42.1

688 969 36.3 28.2

492

575

688

15.1

3.91

7900

477

14.9

3.95

AISI 316

8238

468

13.4

3.48

AISI 347

7978

480

14.2

3.71

35.3

Lead

601

11,340

129

Magnesium

923

1740

1024

156

87.6

Molybdenum

2894

10,240

251

138

53.7

Nickel: Pure

1728

8900

444

90.7

1672

8400

420

12

1665

8510

439

11.7

3.1

2741

8570

265

53.7

23.6

Palladium

1827

12,020

244

71.8

24.5

Platinum: Pure

2045

21,450

133

71.6

25.1

Nichrome (80% Ni, 20% Cr) Inconel X-750 (73% Ni, 15% Cr, 6.7% Fe) Niobium

600

434

480

1670

400

8131

8055

AISI 304

200

24.1

23.0 232 3.4

Alloy 60Pt–40Rh (60% Pt, 40% Rh) Rhenium

1800

16,630

162

47

17.4

3453

21,100

136

47.9

16.7

Rhodium

2236

12,450

243

150

49.6

9.2 272

12.6 402

39.7 118 169 649 179 141

36.7 125 159 934 143 224

164 383

107 485

17.3 512 16.6 515 15.2 504 15.8 513 34.0 132 153 1074 134 261

35.0 27.6 685 1090

33.3

20.0 22.8 559 585 19.8 22.6 557 582 18.3 21.3 550 576 18.9 21.9 559 585 31.4 142 149 146 1170 1267 126 118 275 285 65.6 530 16 525 17.0

67.6 562 21 545 20.5

26.9

969 25.4 606 25.4 611 24.2 602 24.7 606

112 295

8.7

10.3

80.2 592 14 480 13.5

71.8

— 55.2 188 76.5 168

372 52.6 249 71.6 227

473 55.2 274 73.6 251

510 58.2 283 79.7 261

546 626 61.3 64.4 292 301 86.9 94.2 271 281

77.5 100

72.6 125

58.9 97 186 147

51.0 127 154 220

71.8 136 52 — 46.1 139 146 253

73.2 141 59 — 44.2 145 136 274

75.6 146 65 — 44.1 151 127 293

24.0

78.7 152 69 — 44.6 156 121 311

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846 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Concluded)

r kg/m3

Silicon

1685

2330

712

148

Silver

1235

10,500

235

429

Tantalum

3269

16,600

140

57.5

Thorium

2023

11,700

118

54.0

505

7310

227

66.6

Titanium

1953

4500

522

21.9

Tungsten

3660

19,300

132

Uranium

1406

19,070

116

27.6

Vanadium

2192

6100

489

30.7

693

7140

389

2125

6570

278

Composition

Tin

Zinc Zirconium

Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K)

Properties at 300 K

Melting Point, K

cp k a  106 J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s 100

174

116 22.7

89.2

884 259 174 444 187 24.7 59.2 110 39.1 59.8 99 40.1 85.2 188 9.32 30.5 300 68.3 208 87 12.5 21.7 94 10.3 35.8 258 41.8 117 297 12.4 33.2 205

200

400

264 556 430 225 57.5 133 54.6 112 73.3 215 24.5 465 186 122 25.1 108 31.3 430 118 367 25.2 264

98.9 790 425 239 57.8 144 54.5 124 62.2 243 20.4 551 159 137 29.6 125 31.3 515 111 402 21.6 300

600

800

1000

61.9 867 412 250 58.6 146 55.8 134

42.4 913 396 262 59.4 149 56.9 145

31.2 946 379 277 60.2 152 56.9 156

19.4 591 137 142 34.0 146 33.3 540 103 436 20.7 332

19.7 633 125 146 38.8 176 35.7 563

20.7 675 118 148 43.9 180 38.2 597

21.6 23.7 342 362

From Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., 1990. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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TABLE A–4 Properties of solid nonmetals

Composition Aluminum oxide, sapphire Aluminum oxide, polycrystalline Beryllium oxide Boron

Melting Point, K

r cp k a  106 kg/m3 J/kg · KW/m · K m2/s

2323

3970

765

46

15.1

2323

3970

765

36.0

11.9

2725

3000

1030

2573

2500

1105

Boron fiber epoxy 590 (30% vol.) composite k, || to fibers k, ⬜ to fibers cp Carbon Amorphous 1500

2080

Diamond, type lla insulator Graphite, pyrolytic k, || to layers k, ⬜ to layers cp

272 27.6

9.99

1122 1950

3500

2273

2210

—

1.60

—

509 2300

200

450 — 133 —

82 — 55 —

190 —

52.5 —

32.4 940 26.4 940 196 1350 18.7 1490

2.23 0.49 757

2.28 0.60 1431

0.67 —

1.18 —

1.89 —

4970 16.8 136

709

400

2.10 0.37 364

10,000 21

1950 5.70

Silicon dioxide, 1883 crystalline (quartz) k, || to c-axis k,⬜ to c-axis cp Silicon dioxide, 1883 polycrystalline (fused silica) Silicon nitride 2173

100

88.0

2.29 0.59

—

Graphite fiber 450 epoxy (25% vol.) composite k, heat flow || to fibers k, heat flow ⬜ to fibers cp Pyroceram, 1623 Corning 9606 Silicon carbide 3100

4000 194

1540 853

3230 9.23 411

1390 4.09 992

600 18.9 1110 15.8 1110 111 1690 11.3 1880

21.9 —

892 2.68 1406

800

1000

13.0 10.5 1180 1225 10.4 7.85 1180 1225 70 47 1865 1975 8.1 6.3 2135 2350

2.37 —

2.53 —

667 534 2.01 1.60 1650 1793

1400

11.1

2600

0.87 935 808

3160

675

0.46 3.98

490

1.89

5.7 0.68 337 5.25 —

8.7 1.1 642 4.78 —

39 20.8 — 0.69

16.4 9.5 — 1.14

230

13.0 1216 3.64 908 — 880

3.28 3.08 2.96 1038 1122 1197 — — 87 1050 1135 1195

2650 10.4 6.21 2220

745 745

2400

691

392

2070

708

Thorium dioxide

3573

9110

235

Titanium dioxide, polycrystalline

2133

4157

710

Sulfur

Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k (W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K)

Properties at 300 K

1.38

0.834

— — — — — 578 0.206 0.141 0.165 0.185 403 606 13 6.1 16.0

8.4

9.65

2.8

7.6 4.70 885 1.51

5.0 3.4 1075 1.75

4.2 3.1 1250 2.17

905 13.9 778

1040 11.3 937

1105 1155 9.88 8.76 1063 1155

10.2 255 7.01 805

6.6 274 5.02 880

4.7 285 8.94 910