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cen29305_chAP1.qxd 11/30/05 3:13 PM Page 841 APPENDIX P R O P E R T Y TA B L E S A N D CHARTS (SI UNITS) 1 Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances 842 Table A–2 Boiling and freezing point properties 843 Table A–3 Properties of solid metals 844–846 Table A–...
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APPENDIX
P R O P E R T Y TA B L E S A N D CHARTS (SI UNITS) Table A–1 Table A–2 Table A–3 Table A–4 Table A–5 Table A–6 Table A–7 Table A–8 Table A–9 Table A–10 Table A–11 Table A–12 Table A–13 Table A–14 Table A–15 Table A–16 Table A–17 Table A–18 Table A–19 Figure A–20
1
Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances 842 Boiling and freezing point properties 843 Properties of solid metals 844–846 Properties of solid nonmetals 847 Properties of building materials 848–849 Properties of insulating materials 850 Properties of common foods 851–852 Properties of miscellaneous materials 853 Properties of saturated water 854 Properties of saturated refrigerant–134a 855 Properties of saturated ammonia 856 Properties of saturated propane 857 Properties of liquids 858 Properties of liquid metals 859 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 860 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 861–862 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 863 Emissivities of surfaces 864–865 Solar radiative properties of materials 866 The Moody chart for friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes 867
841
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842 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances Specific Heat Data at 25C Substance Air Ammonia, NH3 Argon, Ar Bromine, Br2 Isobutane, C4H10 n-Butane, C4H10 Carbon dioxide, CO2 Carbon monoxide, CO Chlorine, Cl2 Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), CHCIF2 Ethane, C2H6 Ethylene, C2H4 Fluorine, F2 Helium, He n-Heptane, C7H16 n-Hexane, C6H14 Hydrogen, H2 Krypton, Kr Methane, CH4 Neon, Ne Nitrogen, N2 Nitric oxide, NO Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 Oxygen, O2 n-Pentane, C5H12 Propane, C3H8 Propylene, C3H6 Steam, H2O Sulfur dioxide, SO2 Tetrachloromethane, CCI4 Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), C2H2F4 Trifluoroethane (R-143a), C2H3F3 Xenon, Xe
Molar Mass M, kg/kmol 28.97 17.03 39.95 159.81 58.12 58.12 44.01 28.01 70.905 86.47 30.070 28.054 38.00 4.003 100.20 86.18 2.016 83.80 16.04 20.183 28.01 30.006 46.006 32.00 72.15 44.097 42.08 18.015 64.06 153.82 102.03 84.04 131.30
Gas Constant R, kJ/kg · K* 0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0.05202 0.1430 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.1173 0.09615 0.2765 0.2964 0.2187 2.077 0.08297 0.09647 4.124 0.09921 0.5182 0.4119 0.2968 0.2771 0.1889 0.2598 0.1152 0.1885 0.1976 0.4615 0.1298 0.05405 0.08149 0.09893 0.06332
cp, kJ/kg · K
cv, kJ/kg · K
k cp /cv
1.005 2.093 0.5203 0.2253 1.663 1.694 0.8439 1.039 0.4781 0.6496 1.744 1.527 0.8237 5.193 1.649 1.654 14.30 0.2480 2.226 1.030 1.040 0.9992 0.8060 0.9180 1.664 1.669 1.531 1.865 0.6228 0.5415 0.8334 0.9291 0.1583
0.7180 1.605 0.3122 0.1732 1.520 1.551 0.6550 0.7417 0.3608 0.5535 1.468 1.231 0.6050 3.116 1.566 1.558 10.18 0.1488 1.708 0.6180 0.7429 0.7221 0.6171 0.6582 1.549 1.480 1.333 1.403 0.4930 0.4875 0.7519 0.8302 0.09499
1.400 1.304 1.667 1.300 1.094 1.092 1.288 1.400 1.325 1.174 1.188 1.241 1.362 1.667 1.053 1.062 1.405 1.667 1.303 1.667 1.400 1.384 1.306 1.395 1.074 1.127 1.148 1.329 1.263 1.111 1.108 1.119 1.667
*The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kPa · m3/kg · K. The gas constant is calculated from R RU /M, where RU 8.31447 kJ/kmol · K is the universal gas constant and M is the molar mass. Source: Specific heat values are obtained primarily from the property routines prepared by The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD.
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843 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–2 Boiling and freezing point properties Boiling Data at l atm
Freezing Data
Substance
Normal Latent Heat of Boiling Vaporization Point, C hfg, kJ/kg
Freezing Point, C
Ammonia
33.3
77.7
1357
322.4
Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n-Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane
185.9 80.2
161.6 394
189.3 5.5
103.9 0.5 78.4* 78.2 78.6 198.1 179.9 268.9 252.8 11.7 204–293 356.7 161.5
— 385.2 230.5 (at 0C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4
17.4 138.5 56.6 114.2 156 10.8 18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2
109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4
Methanol Nitrogen
64.5 195.8
1100 198.6
97.7 210
99.2 25.3
124.8
306.3
57.5
180.7
218.8
13.7
187.7
80.0
Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane
183 — 42.1
Refrigerant-134a
26.1
Water
100
212.7 230–384 427.8
216.8
2257
96.6
0.0
Liquid Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion Temperature, Density hif, kJ/kg C r, kg/m3
28 126 — 80.3
—
333.7
Specific Heat cp, kJ/kg · K
33.3 20 0 25 185.6 20
682 665 639 602 1394 879
4.43 4.52 4.60 4.80 1.14 1.72
20 0.5 0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20 42.1 0 50 50 26.1 0 25 0 25 50 75 100
1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13,560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640 581 529 449 1443 1374 1295 1207 1000 997 988 975 958
3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.79 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0 2.25 2.53 3.13 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.43 4.22 4.18 4.18 4.19 4.22
* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5C.)
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844 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K
Melting Point, K
r kg/m3
933
2702
903
237
97.1
Alloy 2024-T6 775 (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.6% Mn) Alloy 195, Cast (4.5% Cu) Beryllium 1550
2770
875
177
73.0
2790 1850
883 1825
Bismuth
545
9780
122
2573
2500
1107
27.0
594
8650
231
96.8
48.4
Chromium
2118
7160
449
93.7
29.1
Cobalt
1769
8862
421
99.2
26.6
Copper: Pure
1358
8933
385
401
117
1293
8800
420
52
14
1104
8780
355
54
17
1188
8530
380
110
1493
8920
384
23
1211
5360
322
59.9
Gold
1336
19,300
129
317
Iridium
2720
22,500
130
147
Iron: Pure
1810
7870
447
80.2
7870
447
7854
Composition Aluminum: Pure
Boron Cadmium
Commercial bronze (90% Cu, 10% Al) Phosphor gear bronze (89% Cu, 11% Sn) Cartridge brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Constantan (55% Cu, 45% Ni) Germanium
Armco (99.75% pure) Carbon steels: Plain carbon (Mn 1% Si 0.1%) AISI 1010
k a 106 cp J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s 100
168 200 7.86
68.2 59.2 6.59 9.76
200
400
600
800
302 482 65
237 798 163
240 949 186
231 1033 186
218 1146
473
787
925
1042
174 185 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 16.5 9.69 7.04 112 120 127 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85 128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338 203 99.3 94.7 198 222 242 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 192 384 484 542 581 616 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1 236 379 450 503 550 628 393 397 52 160 65 — 137 395
379 417 59 545 74 — 149 425
366 433
352 451
17 237 232 190 327 109 172 90
413 356 42 785 41 — 95 360 19 362 96.8 290 323 124 153 122
43.2 337 311 131 144 133
27.3 348 298 135 138 138
19.8 357 284 140 132 144
17.4 375 270 145 126 153
23.1
134 216
94.0 384
69.5 490
54.7 574
43.3 32.8 680 975
72.7
20.7
95.6 215
80.6 384
65.7 490
53.1 574
42.2 32.3 680 975
434
60.5
17.7
7832
434
63.9
18.8
7817
446
51.9
14.9
56.7 487 58.7 559 49.8 501
48.0 39.2 30.0 559 685 1169 48.8 39.2 31.3 685 1168 44.0 37.4 29.3 582 699 971
33.9 6.71 34.7 127 50.3
482 252
75
487 Carbon–silicon (Mn 1% 0.1% Si 0.6%)
1000
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845 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Continued)
Composition
Melting Point, K
Carbon–manganese–silicon (1% Mn 1.65% 0.1% Si 0.6%) Chromium (low) steels: 1 Cr– 41 Mo–Si (0.18% C, 2 0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si) 1 Cr– 12 Mo (0.16% C, 1% Cr, 0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si) 1 Cr–V (0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 0.15% V) Stainless steels: AISI 302
Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K)/cp(J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K r kg/m3
k a 106 cp J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s 100
600
800
1000
35.0 27.6 685 1090
434
41.0
11.6
42.2 487
39.7 559
7822
444
37.7
10.9
38.2
36.7
7858
442
42.3
12.2
492 42.0
575 39.1
688 969 34.5 27.4
7836
443
48.9
14.1
492 46.8
575 42.1
688 969 36.3 28.2
492
575
688
480
15.1
3.91
7900
477
14.9
3.95
AISI 316
8238
468
13.4
3.48
AISI 347
7978
480
14.2
3.71
35.3
1670
400
8131
8055
AISI 304
200
Lead
601
11,340
129
Magnesium
923
1740
1024
156
87.6
Molybdenum
2894
10,240
251
138
53.7
Nickel: Pure
1728
8900
444
90.7
Nichrome (80% Ni, 20% Cr) Inconel X-750 (73% Ni, 15% Cr, 6.7% Fe) Niobium
1672
8400
420
12
1665
8510
439
11.7
3.1
2741
8570
265
53.7
23.6
Palladium
1827
12,020
244
71.8
24.5
Platinum: Pure
2045
21,450
133
71.6
25.1
Alloy 60Pt–40Rh (60% Pt, 40% Rh) Rhenium
1800
16,630
162
47
17.4
3453
21,100
136
47.9
16.7
Rhodium
2236
12,450
243
150
24.1
23.0 232 3.4
49.6
9.2 272
12.6 402
39.7 118 169 649 179 141
36.7 125 159 934 143 224
164 383
107 485
17.3 512 16.6 515 15.2 504 15.8 513 34.0 132 153 1074 134 261
33.3
20.0 22.8 559 585 19.8 22.6 557 582 18.3 21.3 550 576 18.9 21.9 559 585 31.4 142 149 146 1170 1267 126 118 275 285 65.6 530 16 525 17.0
67.6 562 21 545 20.5
26.9
969 25.4 606 25.4 611 24.2 602 24.7 606
112 295
8.7
10.3
80.2 592 14 480 13.5
71.8
— 55.2 188 76.5 168
372 52.6 249 71.6 227
473 55.2 274 73.6 251
510 58.2 283 79.7 261
546 626 61.3 64.4 292 301 86.9 94.2 271 281
77.5 100
72.6 125
58.9 97 186 147
51.0 127 154 220
71.8 136 52 — 46.1 139 146 253
73.2 141 59 — 44.2 145 136 274
75.6 146 65 — 44.1 151 127 293
24.0
78.7 152 69 — 44.6 156 121 311
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846 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Concluded) Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K
Melting Point, K
r kg/m3
Silicon
1685
2330
712
148
Silver
1235
10,500
235
429
Tantalum
3269
16,600
140
57.5
24.7
Thorium
2023
11,700
118
54.0
39.1
505
7310
227
66.6
40.1
Titanium
1953
4500
522
21.9
Tungsten
3660
19,300
132
Uranium
1406
19,070
116
27.6
12.5
Vanadium
2192
6100
489
30.7
10.3
693
7140
389
2125
6570
278
Composition
Tin
Zinc Zirconium
k a 106 cp J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s 100
174
116 22.7
89.2 174
9.32 68.3
41.8 12.4
884 259 444 187 59.2 110 59.8 99 85.2 188 30.5 300 208 87 21.7 94 35.8 258 117 297 33.2 205
200
400
600
800
1000
264 556 430 225 57.5 133 54.6 112 73.3 215 24.5 465 186 122 25.1 108 31.3 430 118 367 25.2 264
98.9 790 425 239 57.8 144 54.5 124 62.2 243 20.4 551 159 137 29.6 125 31.3 515 111 402 21.6 300
61.9 867 412 250 58.6 146 55.8 134
42.4 913 396 262 59.4 149 56.9 145
31.2 946 379 277 60.2 152 56.9 156
19.4 591 137 142 34.0 146 33.3 540 103 436 20.7 332
19.7 633 125 146 38.8 176 35.7 563
20.7 675 118 148 43.9 180 38.2 597
21.6 23.7 342 362
From Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., 1990. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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847 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–4 Properties of solid nonmetals
Composition Aluminum oxide, sapphire Aluminum oxide, polycrystalline Beryllium oxide Boron
Melting Point, K
r cp k a 106 kg/m3 J/kg · KW/m · K m2/s
2323
3970
765
46
15.1
2323
3970
765
36.0
11.9
2725
3000
1030
2573
2500
1105
Boron fiber epoxy 590 (30% vol.) composite k, || to fibers k, to fibers cp Carbon Amorphous 1500
2080
Diamond, type lla — insulator Graphite, pyrolytic 2273 k, || to layers k, to layers cp Graphite fiber 450 epoxy (25% vol.) composite k, heat flow || to fibers k, heat flow to fibers cp Pyroceram, 1623 Corning 9606 Silicon carbide 3100 Silicon dioxide, 1883 crystalline (quartz) k, || to c-axis k, to c-axis cp Silicon dioxide, 1883 polycrystalline (fused silica) Silicon nitride 2173
272 27.6
9.99
1122 1950
3500
—
1.60
100
200
400
600
450 — 133 —
82 — 55 —
190 —
52.5 —
32.4 940 26.4 940 196 1350 18.7 1490
18.9 1110 15.8 1110 111 1690 11.3 1880
88.0
2.29 0.59
—
509 2300
2.10 0.37 364
2.23 0.49 757
2.28 0.60 1431
0.67 —
1.18 —
1.89 —
10,000 21
4000 194
1540 853
3230 9.23 411
1390 4.09 992
21.9 —
800
1000
13.0 1180 10.4 1180 70 1865 8.1 2135
10.5 1225 7.85 1225 47 1975 6.3 2350
2.37 —
2.53 —
2210 1950 5.70
4970 16.8 136
709
892 2.68 1406
667 534 2.01 1.60 1650 1793
1216 3.64 908 — 880
3.28 1038 — 1050
3.08 2.96 1122 1197 — 87 1135 1195
7.6 4.70 885 1.51
5.0 3.4 1075 1.75
4.2 3.1 1250 2.17
905 13.9 778
1040 11.3 937
1105 1155 9.88 8.76 1063 1155
1400
2600
11.1 0.87 935 808 3.98
3160
675
490
0.46 1.89
5.7 0.68 337 5.25 —
8.7 1.1 642 4.78 —
39 20.8 — 0.69
16.4 9.5 — 1.14
230
13.0
2650 10.4 6.21 2220
745 745
2400
691
392
2070
708
Thorium dioxide
3573
9110
235
Titanium dioxide, polycrystalline
2133
4157
710
Sulfur
Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k (W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K
1.38
0.834
— — — — — 578 0.206 0.141 0.165 0.185 403 606 13 6.1 16.0