Ch. 10 Notes WH - Europe PDF

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Chapter 10 Notes Europe in the Middle Ages 1000-1500 Section 1 Peasants, Trade, and Cities The New Agriculture The number of people almost doubled in Europe between 1000 and 1300, from 38 to 74 million people. • What caused this increase? • Life was more settled and peaceful than in the earlier Middle ages. Expansion in food production began, and there was technological expansion; such as wind and water power, new iron tools such as scythes, hoes, axes, hammers, and nails. Also, the carruca, or a new iron plow, was developed, and 3-field crop rotation was also developed.

The Manorial System You remember from Chapter 9, feudalism caused alliances between nobles, lords and vassals. Landed estates were located on the fiefs and these estates were called manors. •

Manor life – A manor was like a plantation, it was an agricultural estate located on a fief that a lord ran and peasants worked. Some of these peasants were considered serfs, or the poor, slave-like people. Serfs were legally bound to the land, serfs included about 60% of Europeans. They were considered peasants, but not all peasants were Serfs. Lords had rights over the Serfs. Serfs paid rent to the lord in the form of a share of a harvest. When they did this, Serfs paid for use of all common-land on manor (to grow their food). Also required to path tithe to the local church.

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Peasant household – Peasants would’ve lived in a simple dwelling with a thatch roof, with walls made of stone or wattle and daub. There was no privacy in these small houses and the smoke contained inside made life uncomfortable, because they couldn’t afford to build a chimney. Peasants were usually dirty, because bathing was a luxury, and all their clothes were homemade.

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Cycle of labor – Depending on what time of year it was, the peasants had different jobs. August to September - HARVEST November- time to slaughter the animals December- Indoor tasks January-February - Maintenance around the manor (see p.337 for more) They also had more than 50 religious holidays throughout the year.

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Food and drink – Staple of a peasant’e diet was bread, they had very hearty, dark, dense, and nutritious breads, as well as seasonal vegetables and fruits that they grew. They also had cheese from their animals, and they only had meat on very special occasions. They drank ale; that was considered the drink of the poor.

The Revival Trade Revival of trade was a gradual process. •

Venice – An Italian city, it was a port city on the water on a river that emptied into the Mediterranean.

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Flanders – It no longer exists by this name, this area is now northern France and Belgium. It was known for it’s wool. Flanders was known for the finest wool in the world.

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Champagne trade fairs – Champagne was a city in France (where we got the drink champagne) Six ties a year, there was a trade fair in Champagne and people from all over would come to it. It was important because not only ideas and products were exchanges but this was where the money economy kind of began, because at these trade fair people bartered less and less and they desired gold a silver for their products and services.

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Money economies/Commercial Capitalism – These kind of began here at the trade fair (capitalism- freedom to invest your money in what you want knowing they could profit or lose form it)

The Growth of Cities The revival of trade led to a revival of cities in Europe. Cities during the early middle ages had greatly declined, but were now coming back in power. Burg- wall enclosing a city, built by the nobility, where the word “suburb” came from. • Bourgeoisie - city dwellers, the lived within the burg, or wall. •

City Life – They were tightly packed so they could fit within the walls, they hd very narrow streets, they were very dirty and there was much air and water pollution. They didn’t have sophisticated ways of getting rid of their waste or trash which contributed to pollution. Therefore, the water was dirty and not safe to drink. There was a high chance of destruction by fire. About 5,000 would be considered a large city. London was the biggest city in England with about 40,000 people, and in northern Italy, their populations were double that. (Crusades) As more people move into these cities, business associations begin to form.

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Industry and Guilds – Those business associations were called guilds. These were like the very first labor unions, it was a very important aspect of Europe because they took Europe out of the Feudalism cycle and pushed it into capitalism. What they did was set quality, price, and production standards for a product. Membership in a guild was very important for your life if you were a craftsperson so you could make good money. You started off young as an apprentice for a certain trade, and you would work for free other than a place to stay and food. The you would become a journeyman and work on your masterpieces, then you would submit that to your guild. If they accepted it, you would be considered a master craftsperson and be set for life.

Chapter 10 Section 2 Notes Medieval Christianity The Papal Monarchy The papal control of the Papal States in central Italy kept the popes involved in politics, often at the expense of their spiritual duties. The Church became increasingly involved in the feudal system. Bishops and abbots came to hold their offices as grants from nobles, and so were vassals. These bishops and abbots often cared little about their spiritual duties. •

Reform of the Papacy o Investiture Controversy (Pope Gregory VII v. Henry IV of Germany) – Church leaders had become part of the feudal system and were chosen by Secular (non-church) leaders for their positions, causing corruption in the church. Clergymen were Vassals and were chosen for political reasons instead of spiritual. (because the vassals had to be loyal to their lord rather than church) Pope Gregory VII (1073) wanted to stop this practice of LAY INVESTITURE (the appointment of church officials by non-church leaders); Henry IV of Germany fought against this change. o

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Concordat of Worms – 1122- They decided that the Bishop of Germany would be elected by church officials, but to appease the King they said that the Kind would be allowed to INVEST the priest in a public ceremony with their ring and staff. (the Secular symbols of office, so this would make the king look like he was in charge) This was considered a compromise.

The Church and Political Power o Pope Innocent III – one of the most powerful popes, seen as “God on Earth”, in an effort to increase his power he established the Interdict. o Interdict – A law passed by Pope Innocent III.The Interdict allowed local priests to forbid giving of the Sacraments (Communion, Confessions, last rights, etc.) to a particular group of people or area. This freaked people out because they believed if you didn’t receive these you went to hell. The Pope used the power of

the Interdict to keep European rulers and cities under his thumb, because he had the threat of an Interdict against them.

New Religious Orders In the late 1000s and early 1100s a wave of religious enthusiasm swept through Europe. Men and women joined religious orders in increasing numbers. •

Cistercian Monks – They were a break-off group from the Benedict monks, their lifestyle was VERY strict, structured, and intense.

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Women in Religious Orders – Women who joined religious orders were mostly aristocrats, joining because they didn’t want to marry, or if you were a widow and didn’t want to marry again. o

Hildegard of Bingen – She was a nun who entered a convent to gain an education, her accomplishments include being the first to write a Gregorian Chant. (a type of song that nuns and monks sing) She became the leader of a convent in Germany, and she was sainted after her death.

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Franciscans – A religious order founded by Francis of Assisi.

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Dominicans – They were a group of monks that lived in Spain; the group was founded by a Spanish priest; St. Dominic, who founded it to defend against and correct heresy. (negative or contrasting views with the church)

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St. Francis of Assisi – He believed in poverty, humility, and devotion to follow in the footsteps of Jesus. He was particularly empathetic to the poor and he was one of the most beloved saints of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Inquisition – Inquisition was a process used to try to find heretics, or people who believed in heresy against the church. They used torture methods to get confessions from people because they believed using force to save souls was the “right thing to do”. Once you confessed, your salvation could only be found through the church, because heresy was considered a crime against God and humanity. Spanish Inquisition was specifically to find those who claimed to be Christians but were secretly still Jewish or Islamic.

Religion in the High Middle Ages The Church of the Middle Ages was a crucial part of ordinary’s peoples lives from birth to death. •

Sacraments - There are 7 Sacraments, they are very important in the Catholic Church, they are things like baptism, communion, Confession, confirmation, marriage, etc. According to Catholic doctrine, you have to participate in the Sacraments to receive salvation. (danger of an Interdict)

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Veneration of Saints – If you lived a holy and religious life, you could be made a saint after your death. They are especially respected and celebrated in the Catholic Church.

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Relics – Relics are objects that are associated with a saint. This is not practiced as much in modern-day Catholic Church as to medieval Catholic Church. In medieval times it was very important to collect mementos of the Saints. Ex. bone or lock or hair of a saint. They believed collecting relics took their time off of working off their sins in Pergatory, or the place Catholics believed they went before heaven.

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Indulgence- relics were types of Indulgences. An Indulgence was something that could take years off of your time spent in Pergatory. This is still a practice in the Catholic Church. Corruption in the church began when people started charging for these instead of giving them out to those who did good deeds because the people were ignorant and believed that was more important than their present needs.

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Pilgrimages – A journey for a religious reason. One of the most visited places in medieval time was Canterbury to visit the grave of Tomas a Beckett.

Section 3 Notes The Culture of the High Middle Ages Architecture •

Romanesque – Stone roofs were very heavy, and needed heavy beams and thick walls for support, which left little room for windows (they were very dark), Basilica shape of the Roma Empire with a few modifications. When this explosion in Romanesque building began, it was mainly from the RCC so there were many churches built in this style.

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Gothic – Searching to build a building with better lighting lead to development of this style. Glass was used more during the part of the middle ages when this style was developed, so it had more windows. Also, flying buttresses became the support system for the roof instead of the walls allowing for more windows in the walls.

The Rise of Universities The modern-day university is a product of the High Middle Ages. The word university comes from the Latin universitas, meaning “corporation” or “guild”. •

Bologna – The very first university in Europe, founded in 1088 in Bologna, Europe, it is still an operating university. The early universities were only for men.

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Oxford – In England, it was founded in England when King Henry II of France kicked all the English people out of the University of Paris.

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Liberal Arts – A well-rounded education, you had grammar, logic, music, astronomy, arithmetic, rhetoric, or the art of debate. Theology was the most well-respected study in that time.

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Scholasticism – The attempt to harmonize the philosophy of Aristotle with Christianity. (he approached everything scientifically, so the church began this because they believed there must be some faith involved)

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St. Thomas Aquinas- He attempted to reconcile the works of Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity. He was highly intelligent and he wrote more than 60 books on varying subjects. His Summa Theologica reasoned that whether you found truth spiritually or physically, it was still truth. one could uncover truths in the physical world, but not the spiritual world, there you had to use faith.

Vernacular Literature Latin was the universal language of medieval civilization. It was used in church and in school and allowed communication throughout all of Europe. • Vernacular – a vernacular is a language of everyday speech. There had been no vernacular literature until the middle ages around the 12th century (it was all Latin and Greek). French, English, and German literature begins to emerge. •

Troubadour poetry – A very popular type of vernacular, it was very romantic and all about knights and ladies.

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Chanson de geste – Another type of vernacular literature, it was like heroic epics dealing with war and battle, the earliest and best example of this style was french, called the Song of Roland. This is considered the first piece of French literature. Roland, a cousin of William the Conqueror, and he fought alongside William and the Normans and he was heroic but ended up dying in the end.

Chapter 10 Section 4 Notes The Late Middle Ages The Black Death In the 14th c. some catastrophic changes took place in Europe. The worst was the Black Death. It was the most devastating natural disaster in European history. It horrified people and seemed an incomprehensible evil force. •

The Plague Spreads - It spread through black rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium, and the rats spread fleas and the fleas would jump to another host (humans) and spread the plague. Italian merchants spread brought it from Caffa, a major trading city. They think it was first brought to Europe in October 1347. 75 million people lived in Europe at this time. The Black Death plague lasts for four years and kills half of the population of Europe, over 30 million people die. The people were clueless about what caused it therefore they lived in extreme fear. If someone in your family got it, you would abandon them.What the disease did to you was give you huge welts, a high fever, then you would die in about 2-3 days.

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Social and Economic Impact - People thought that God was punishing them, they also thought that this was spreading because of the Jews, they believed the Jews were poisoning their wells. It got so bad that many jews went to Poland. (think WW II) After the plague, there was a shortage of everything. All the workers and craftspeople died. Feudalism dies along with the victims of the plague. The shortage of workers was beneficial to the workers, though, because the workers could then bargain for pay.

The Decline of Church Power The Roman Catholic popes reached the height of their power in 13th c. A series of problems in the next century lessened the Church’s political position. •

Popes at Avignon European kings grew unwilling to accept the papal claims of supremacy over both religious and secular matters, as the struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France shows. Their struggle for power had serious consequences for the papacy. What happened was that Pope Boniface VIII would not allow French clergymen to pay French taxes. The French King, Philip IV sent men to capture and bring the Pope to trial in France. (Because King Phillip thought his was the breaking of his law, he ordered for taxes to be paid) Pope escaped capture and he died shortly thereafter of a heart attack because of the stress of the situation. King Philip then engineers the election of a Frenchman as the next Pope, Clement V will live in Avignon, France instead of Rome. 1305-1377 Popes lived in Avignon in a life of splendor; during this time resentment against the church grew. They lived in a papal palace there.

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The Great Schism - This controversy gets even worse with the Great Schism. in 1377, Pope Gregory returns to Rome but he died almost immediately after he got there. Cardinals then gather to elect a new pope, and when they gather to pick the pope, there is a mob of Italian people who gather around the building and they threaten them saying that if the cardinals don’t pick an Italian Pope, they will not let them get out alive. The next Pope is then Urban Vi from Italy. Now the French are unhappy, and do not recognize Urban VI as the new pope because he was chosen under improper circumstances. They then decided to choose their own pope to live in France; and now in Europe there are two men claiming to be the pope, one living in Avignon, one living in Rome. The English and their allies recognize the Pope in Rome; and the French and their allies recognize the Pope in Avignon. o

Council of Constance, 1417 – This controversy is settled with the Counsel of Constance, which is a meeting of church leaders in switzerland who agree that in moving forward there will be a single pope who will live in Rome. This does not completely solve the conflict, though, because by this point many people have already spoken out against the direction the church was going in.

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John Hus – A Czech reformer. He spoke for reformation after he saw all the corruption in the church that took place during this time, and he was burned at the stake by the church in 1415.

The Hundred Years’ War Plague, economic crisis, and the decline of the Catholic Church were not the only problems of the late Middle Ages. War and political instability also can be added to the list. •

The War begins – King Edward III of England and Philip VI of France-- England vs. France. England owned Gascony an area in modern-day France, but France wanted it so they go to war over it. It is considered a turning point in warfare, (it puts an end to knighthood)

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Crecy – in 1346, the first major battle, an English Victory in the northern part of France. The Englihs supposedly won because of their excellent archers.

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Agincourt – In 1415; it is significant because 1,500 French noblemen died in this battle alone. Another English victory.(The French knight’s armor weighed them down in uddy fields)

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Joan of Arc – A young French girls, the daughter of prosperous peasants. She was deeply religious; she had visions of saints instructing her to help her beloved country France win the war. At 17 years old she convinced King Charles of France to accompany troops to Orleans. In 1430 she was captured by the English and tried by Inquisition; accused of heresy, but the main reason for death was because she was a threat to the English. She was sentenced to burn at the stake. After her death, the French were so inspired that they won the war, officially ending it in 1453.

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“New Monarchies” – England France and Spain are not able to produce male heirs so they all gain new ruling heirs. They all experience turmoil politically over who will rule next.

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France – The 100 years war leaves France exhausted in its population and resources. In 1461, Louis XI becomes the new ruler, he was known to be a very devious man, so people called him Louis the Spider. In aneffort to make more money for France, he issues a new property tax called a...