CH 2 BODY Organization PDF

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Body Organization Chapter 2 Notes...

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CH 2: Body Organization LEARNING OBECTIVES 1. Recognize the combining forms introduced in this chapter. 2. Correctly spell and pronounce medical terms and anatomical structures relating to body structure. 3. Discuss the organization of the body in terms of cells, tissues, organs, and systems. 4. Describe the common features of cells. 5. Define the four types of tissues. 6. Identify and define the 12 organ systems and their related medical specialties. 7. Describe the anatomical position. 8. Define the body planes. 9. Identify regions of the body. 10.List the body cavities and their contents. 11.Locate and describe the nine anatomical and four clinical divisions of the abdomen. 12.Define directional and positional terms. 13. Build body organization medical terms from word parts.

BODY ORGANIZATION AT A GLANCE Pertinent information from this section is within the outline. A list of common terms related to Body Organization is listed at the end of the outline.

BODY ORGANIZATION ILLUSTRATED See Illustration on page 23

LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION The body is organized into levels; as listed below, each level is built from the level below it. 1.

The body - The body is composed of systems,

2.

a system – is made of organs

3.

an organ – is made of tissues

4.

tissues – are composed of cells

5.

cells – are the fundamental unit of life

CELLS

(See Figure 2.1)

cytology – The study of cells and their functions is called cytology cells - Fundamental unit of all living things; smallest structure of body that has all properties of being alive. ▪

All tissues and organs in body are composed of cells

▪

Individual cells perform functions for body such as reproduction, hormone secretion, energy production, and excretion

▪

Special cells carry out specific functions, such as contraction by muscle cells and electrical impulse transmission by nerve cells

Properties of being alive: ▪ responds to stimuli ▪ engages in metabolic activities ▪ reproduces itself Properties of all cells (at some point in their life cycle): ▪ cell membrane– the wall or outermost boundary of cell ▪ cytoplasm–watery internal environment of the cell ▪ nucleus–contains DNA

TISSUES

(See Figure 2.2)

histology – the study of tissue ▪

Tissue is formed when like cells are grouped together and function together to perform a specific activity

4 Types of Body Tissue: 1. muscle tissue 2. epithelial tissue 3. connective tissue 4. nervous tissue

Muscle Tissue ▪ Produces movement through contraction, or shortening in length ▪ Composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fibers (see Figure 2.2) ▪ Three basic types of muscles: 1. skeletal muscle (attached to bone)

2. smooth muscle (in internal organs such as intestines, uterus, and blood vessels) 3. cardiac muscle (only in the heart)

Epithelial Tissue ▪ Also called epithelium ▪ Found throughout body ▪ Composed of close-packed cells; epithelium forms the covering for and lining of body structures ▪ Examples: top layer of skin and lining of stomach (see Figure 2.2) ▪ May be specialized to absorb substances (such as nutrients from intestines), secrete substances (such as sweat glands), or excrete wastes (such as kidney tubules)

Connective Tissue ▪ Supporting and protecting tissue ▪ Performs many different functions depending on location ▪ Appears in many different forms so that each is able to perform task required at that location ▪ Examples: bone (structural support for whole body); cartilage (shock absorber in joints); tendons (connects skeletal muscles to bones); adipose (protective padding) (see Figure 2.2)

Nervous Tissue ▪ Composed of cells called neurons and the supporting neuroglia ▪ Forms brain, spinal cord, and network of nerves throughout entire body ▪ Allows for conduction of electrical impulses to send information between brain and rest of body

ORGANS, SYSTEMS and BODY

(See Table 2.1)

Organs ▪

Composed of several different types of tissue that work as a unit to perform special functions

▪

Example: Stomach contains smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and epithelial tissue that allow it to contract to mix food with digestive juices

Systems ▪

Composed of several organs working in coordinated manner to perform complex function or functions

▪

Example: The Gastrointestinal System consists of the stomach plus other digestive system organs—oral cavity, esophagus, liver, pancreas, small intestines, and colon—in order to work together to ingest, digest, and absorb and excrete food

Body ▪

The body is the sum of all of the systems, organs, tissues and cells found within it.

12 Major Organ System

(See Table 2.1)

(Know all systems listed, their basic purpose and the highlighted examples.) 1) Integumentary System – Forms protective two-way barrier and aids in temperature regulation Examples: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

2) Musculoskeletal System – Skeleton supports and protects the body, forms blood cells and stores minerals. Muscles produce movement. Examples of structures within this system: Bones, joints, muscles

3) Cardiovascular System - Pumps blood through the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygenand wastes. Examples of structures within this system: Heart, arteries, veins

4) Hematic System (Blood) – Transports oxygen, protects against pathogens and controls bleeding. Examples of components of this system: Erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), thrombocytes (platelets)

5) Lymphatic System (Lymph/Immunity) – Protects the body from disease and invasion of pathogens. Examples of structures of this system: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, tonsils

6) Respiratory System – Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body. Examples of structures within this system: Sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

7) Digestive/Gastrointestinal System – Ingests, digests and absorbs and eliminates solid waste from the body. Examples of structures within this system: mouth, pharynx, stomach, intestines, colon

8) Urinary System – Filters waste products out of the blood and removes them from the body. Examples of structures within this system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

9) Nervous System – Receives sensory information and coordinates the body’s responses. Examples of structures within this system: brain, spinal cord, nerves

10) Endocrine System – Regulates metabolic activities of the body. Examples of structures within this system: pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands

11) Female Reproductive System – Produces eggs for reproduction and place for fetal growth. Examples of structures within this system: ovary, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

12) Male Reproductive System – Produces sperm for reproduction. Examples of structures within this system: testes, penis, prostate gland

13) Special Sense Organs – vision, smell, hearing/balance, taste, touch Examples of structures: eyes, olfactory complex, ears, tongue, skin receptors

BODY anatomical position ▪

Used when describing positions and relationships of structure in human body

▪

The body is in the anatomical position when it is standing erect with arms at side of body, palms of hands facing forward, and eyes looking straight ahead; legs are parallel with feet and toes pointing forward (see Figure 2.3)

▪

For descriptive purposes for the medical record, the assumption is the patient is in anatomical position even if body or parts of body are in any other position

Body Planes

(See figures 2.3/2.4)

Define the body planes. ▪

The terminology for body planes is used to assist medical personnel in describing the body and its parts

▪

To understand body planes, imagine cuts slicing through body at various angles; imaginary slicing allows us to use more specific language when describing parts of body

▪

3 Body planes, illustrated in Figure 2.4, include the following:

1. Sagittal plane: this vertical plane divides your body into right and left side; it does necessarily mean equally divided into left and right sides. This line can slide from your left shoulder to your right shoulder. Midsagittal – equally divided into L and R sides 2. Frontal or Coronal plane: this vertical plane divides the body into front and back portions; it can slide anteriorly toward your face or posteriorly toward your back 3. Transverse or Horizontal plane or Cross-sectional plane: this horizontal plane divides your body into upper and lower portions; it can slide superiorly (upward) to the head or

inferiorly (downward) toward your feet. It is frequently used to divide and reference body organs also.

Body Regions

(See figure 2.5)

The body is divided into large regions that can easily be identified externally: •Abdominal region: abdomen; on anterior side of trunk •Brachial region: upper extremities or arms •Cephalic region: entire head •Cervical region: neck, connects head to trunk •Crural region: lower extremities or legs •Dorsum: back, on posterior side of trunk •Gluteal region: buttocks •Pelvic region: area between the hips •Pubic region: genital region •Trunk/torso: contains all body regions other than head, neck and extremities •Thoracic region: chest •Vertebral region: the spine of the back

BODY CAVITIES

(See Figure 2.6)

The body is not a solid structure; it has many open spaces or cavities

5 MAJOR BODY CAVITIES 1)

cranial cavity (contains brain)

2)

spinal cavity (contains spinal cord) ▪

2 dorsal cavities - The spinal and cranial cavities are the two dorsal cavities because they are located in the back side of the body.

▪

dorsal - pertaining to that which is toward the back side

3) thoracic cavity – contains the two lungs and central region between them called the mediastinum • mediastinum – the central region between the lungs; it contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland • diaphragm—a physical wall between thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity; it is the muscle used for breathing 4) abdominal cavity – refers to the abdomen; the area between the thoracic and pelvic cavities • 3 ventral cavities – The thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity are called the ventral cavities because they are located in the front side of the body • ventral - pertaining more toward the abdominal or belly side 5)

pelvic cavity –the area within the hips or that which is inclusive of the pelvic girdle • abdominopelvic cavity – used when referring to both the abdominal and pelvic regions as a single unit

THE TWO DOUBLE-LAYERED LININGS OF THE VENTRAL CAVITIES 1)

pleura – a 2-layered membrane that lines the thoracic cavity ▪ visceral pleura – the inner layer of membrane that covers the viscera (organs) ▪ parietal pleura – the outer layer of membrane which lines the inner wall of the chest • Within the thoracic cavity the pleura is subdivided into the pleural cavity (containing the lungs) and the pericardial cavity (containing the heart)

2)

peritoneum – a 2-layered membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity ▪ visceral peritoneum – the inner layer of the double-layered membrane that covers the organs ▪ parietal peritoneum – the outer layer of the double-layered membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and pelvis. • viscera – general term for internal organs of the body

Methods of Subdividing the Abdominopelvic Cavity

(See Tables 2.4 & 2.5)

The abdominopelvic cavity is usually subdivided into regions so different areas can be precisely referred to. There are 2 different methods of subdividing the abdominopelvic cavity: 1)

Anatomical divisions of the abdomen ▪ Right hypochondriac: Right lateral region of upper row beneath lower ribs ▪ Epigastric: Middle area of upper row above stomach ▪ Left hypochondriac: Left lateral region of upper row beneath lower ribs ▪ Right lumbar: Right lateral region of middle row at waist ▪ Umbilical: Central area around the navel ▪ Left lumbar: Left lateral region of middle row at waist ▪ Right iliac: Right lateral region of lower row at groin ▪ Hypogastric: Middle region of lower row beneath navel ▪ Left iliac: Left lateral region of lower row at groin

Clinical Divisions of the Abdomen ▪ Right upper quadrant (RUQ): Contains majority of liver, gallbladder, right kidney ▪ Right lower quadrant (RLQ): Contains right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, and right ureter ▪ Left upper quadrant (LUQ): Contains spleen, stomach, majority of pancreas, left kidney ▪ Left lower quadrant (LLQ): Contains the sigmoid colon, left ovary, left fallopian tube, and left ureter

Directional and Positional Terms

(See Figures 2.7 & 2.8)

Directional and positional terms assist medical personnel in discussing position or location of patient’s complaint. Notice how the pairs of words are paired and how they mean the opposite of each other. superior – pertaining to above; more toward the head or above another structure inferior – pertaining to below; more toward the feet or below another structure anterior – pertaining to the front; more toward the front or belly-side of the body posterior – pertaining to the back; more toward the back side of the body medial – pertaining to the middle; refers to the middle or near the middle of the body or structure lateral – pertaining to the side; refers to more toward the side proximal – pertaining near to; located nearer to the point of attachment to the body distal – pertaining away from; located farther away from the point of attachment to the body superficial – more toward the surface of the body deep – further away from the surface of the body supine – lying down (as in on the ground) face upward prone – lying down on the ground facing down, as if shooting a rifle while lying on the ground apex – the tip or uppermost part of an organ base – bottom or lower part of an organ

Routes and Methods of Drug Administration route of administration – the method used to administer a medication; to be effective drugs must be administered by the proper route; in some cases, a drug may be administered in several different ways

aerosol

intramuscular

sublingual

buccal

intrathecal

suppositories

eardrops

intravenous

topical

eyedrops

oral

transdermal

inhalation

parenteral

vaginal

intracavitary

rectal

intradermal

subcutaneous

ABBREVIATIONS LLQ

RUQ

LUQ

RLQ

!

CHAPTER REVIEW RECOMMENDED, BUT NOT REQUIRED

COMMON COMBINING FORMS USED TO BUILD BODY ORGANIZATION TERMS (By the end of this semester you will know all the terms listed. For your exam on Chapter 2 we will be focusing on the concepts in the chapter and I will not have any word parts listed.) Root Word Term

Word Parts

abdomin/o abdominal

abdomin/o; -al

adip/o

adipose

adip/o; -ose

Meaning of term pertaining to abdomen resembling fat

pertaining to front

anter/o

anterior

anter/o; -ior

brachi/o

brachial

cardi/o

cardiac

cardi/o; -ac

pertaining to the heart

caud/o

caudal

caud/o; -al

pertaining to tail

cephal/o

cephalic

cephal/o; -ic

pertaining to head

cervic/o

cervical

crani/o

cranial

crani/o; -al

pertaining to skull

crin/o

endocrine

endo-; crin/o

to secrete within

crur/o

crural

crur/o; -al

pertaining to leg

cyt/o

cytology

cyt/o; -logy

study of cells

brachi/o; -al

cervic/o; -al

pertaining to arm

pertaining to neck

study of the skin

dermat/o dermatology

dermat/o; -logy

dist/o

distal

dist/o; -al

pertaining to away from

dors/o

dorsal

dors/o; -al

pertaining to the back of

enter/o

enteric

enter/o; -ic

pertaining to the small intestine

epitheli/o epithelium

epitheli/o; -ium

epithelial structure

gastr/o

gastric

gastr/o; -ic

pertaining to the stomach

glute/o

gluteal

glute/o; -al

pertaining to buttocks

gynec/o

gynecology

gynec/o; -logy

study of a woman

hemat/o

hematic

hemat/o; -ic

pertaining to blood

hist/o

histology

hist/o; -logy

study of tissues

immun/o system)

immunology

immun/o; -logy

infer/o

inferior

infer/o; -ior

pertaining to below

inguin/o

inguinal

inguin/o; -al

pertaining to the groin area

later/o

lateral

later/o; -al

pertaining to the side of

lumb/o

lumbar

lumb/o; -ar

pertaining to the low back

lymph/o

lymphatic

lymph/o; -atic

pertaining to lymph

medi/o

medial

medi/o; -al

pertaining to middle

muscul/o

muscular

muscul/o; -ar

pertaining to muscles

nephr/o

nephrology

nephr/o; -logy

study of the kidney

neur/o

neurology

neur/o; -logy

study of nerves

ophthalm/o

ophthalmology

ot/o

otic

pariet/o

parietal

ped/o

pedal

child

study of protection (immune

ophthalm/o; -logy ot/o; -ic pariet/o; -al

ped/o; -al ped/o; -iatr/o; -ic

study of the eye pertaining to the ear

pertaining to a cavity wall pertaining to the foot or pertaining to the treatment of a

pelv/o

pelvic

pertaining to pelvis

pelv/o; -ic

pertaining to peritoneum

peritone/o peritoneal

peritone/o; -al

pleur/o

pleural

pleur/o; -al

pertaining to pleura

poster/o

posterior

poster/o; -ior

pertaining to back

proct/o

proctology

proct/o; -logy

study of the anus and rectum

proxim/o

proximal

proxim/o; -al

pertaining to near

pub/o