Ch 3 and 4 The Articulatory System and Disorders Part 1 PDF

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articulatory system and disorders...

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8/20/21 CSD 326 Chapter 3 and 4: The Articulatory System and Disorders 

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Articulation o The process by whereby the structures within the vocal tract modify exhaled air into specific speech sounds o Modifies the sound wave to vary the resonances of the vocal tract Vocal Tract o Consists of  Oral cavity  Articulators o Lips- create front boundary of the oral cavity, lots of mobility o Mandible- forms the lower jaw and allows it to open and close o Teeth- serve as an immoveable articulator o Hard palate- roof of the oral cavity and floor of the nasal cavity, serves as immovable contact for articulation  Alveolar ridge- raised ridge at the anterior of the hard palate, also immovable Soft palate/velum- creates the velopharyngeal passage or port o Tongue- movable floor of the oral cavity, occupies majority of the space in the oral cavity, most active of the articulators  Pharynx- area considered to be the throat  Functions include: o Swallowing o Respiration o Speech  Nasopharynx- behind the nasal cavity  Oropharynx- behind the oral cavity  Laryngopharynx- above larynx but below oropharynx  Nasal cavity  Resonance of nasal sounds  Parts of the sound o Nasal septum- divides nasal cavity in half o Nasal turbinates- form each side of the nose Valves of the Vocal Tract o Valves allow sound and air to be stopped and released  Labial valve- closing and opening of the lips for stop production  Lingual valve- tongue against or in contact any other articulator  Velopharyngeal valve- contact point between the velum/soft palate and the pharynx  Laryngeal valve- glottis, where vocal folds open and close Classification of Consonants o Place of articulation o

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 Bilabials- lips  Labiodentals- lips and teeth  Interdentals- tongue between teeth  Alveolars- tongue touches alveolar ridge  Palatals- tongue touches hard palate  Velars- tongue touches velum or soft palate  Glottals- back of the throat (oropharynx) o Manner of articulation  Stops  Fricatives  Affricates  Nasals  Liquids/glides o Voicing  Voiced  Voiceless Vowel classification o All are voiced and manner is essentially the same o Tongue height and tongue advancement are primary decisions o Vowel quadrilateral Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels and Consonants o Spectrographic analysis or spectrography  Commercially available instruments for university teaching and clinical applications  Free programs such as Praat o Capture and analyze speech in a variety of ways, including spectrography  Horizontal axis is time  Vertical axis is frequency  Shading connects to intensity  Darker equals more intense  Normal articulation should follow normal values  Errors in speech can be seen and measured on a spectrograph  An objective measurement that can be compared o Vowels  Different set of frequencies based on classifications  All vowels o Lowest on graph is lowest frequency called the fundamental frequency (Fo) o Fo will be almost the same o Fundamental frequency correlates to vocal fold vibration  Front vowels o F1 and F2 are widely spaced o F2 and F3 are close together o High F2  Back vowels o F1 and F2 are close together o Have close frequencies o F3 is spread apart, higher frequency formant o Low F2

High vowels o Low F1  Low vowels o High F1  Frequencies o F1 is determined by the height of the tongue  The higher the position of the tongue, the lower the frequency is produced o F2 is determined by the advancement of the tongue  The further back the tongue is, the frequency is lower  Diphthongs- formant transitions  Bands curve upwards or downwards because frequency changes during the production of the diphthong o Consonants  Nasals  Distinctive features- characteristics of a title, what makes it special, why is it put in that category  /m/, /n/, /ng/  Nasal murmur- creates most intense formant at 250-300 Hz  Glides/semivowels and liquids  /w/ and /j/, /r/ and /l/  Movement of the articulators from one place of production to another, change in space (volume) creates a change in frequency  Formant transitions- frequencies between the formants  Characterized by its formant transitions, significant and important, doesn’t exist in other sounds  Stops  Stop and release of air  Sometimes called plosives o Plosive burst  Characterized by o Silent gap o Release burst o Voice onset rime o Formant transitions  Fricative  Production includes a turbulence of air and aperiodic noise called frication  Interruption in air flow  Creates a noisy feature  Affricates  Characteristics of both fricatives and stops  Though shorter in duration than fricatives Speech in Context o Coarticulation- anticipates the next phoneme in a word  Blends productions of adjacent phonemes or words together o Stress- on syllables within words or words within utterances  More pronounced, more inflection o Intonation- rising and falling in speech 

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Rising intonation when asking a question...