Ch 8 Articulations-1 PDF

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Lab Workbook # 8 ARTICULATIONS Introduction Joints, or articulations, are where two bones meet. They serve to link the bones into a functional skeletal system. The joints have varying degrees of movement at any given joint. In this lab, bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints will be considered. Objectives: 1. Describe the structural and functional classifications of joints in the body. 2. Identify the structures associated with synovial joints. 3. Describe the variety of movements allowed at synovial joints Prelab Assignment Prior to lab, study in your textbook the sections on joints and their classifications, synovial joints (including the types of synovial joints and movements allowed at synovial joints), and the anatomy of selected diarthroses (specifically the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints).

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ARTICULATIONS Exercise 1: Types of Joints A. List examples of each of the following types of joints. Type of Joint Range of Movement Examples sutures ,syndesmoses .,gomphoses Fibrous Synarthrosis symphysis pubis ,manubriosternal joint ,intervertebral discs. Cartilaginous Amphiarthrosis sacrococcygeal symphysis. ball-and-socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and saddle. Synovial Diarthrosis B. List examples of each of the following types of joints. Type of Joint Examples Type of Joint lap ,serrate Suture Pivot pubic symphysis Symphysis Planar (Gliding) shoulder joints,hip joints Hinge Ball and socket

Examples atlas/axis,proximal radio-ulnar joints Intercarpal and intertarsals joints Elbow joints,knee joints,ankle joints

Exercise 2: Structures Associated with Bones and Synovial Joints A. Identify the following structures on diagrams and models: Joint cavity (Synovial fluid) Periosteum Ligament Synovial membrane Articular cartilage Tendon Fibrous capsule Label the following diagram:

Periosteum

Synovial membrane

Articular capsule

Articular cartilage

Joint Cavity (synovial fluid )

Figure 8. 1 Synovial Joint

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B. Identify the following structures on the diagram and on models. Tibial (medial)collateral ligament (MCL)

Medial meniscus

Femur

Fibular (lateral)collateral ligament (LCL)

Lateral Meniscus

Tibia

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Patellar ligament

Fibula

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Patella

Label the following diagram:

Femur

Patella

Tibial (medial )collateral ligamnet Fibular collateral ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament

Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus

Patellar ligament

Fibula Tibia

Figure 8.2 Anterior View of Knee Joint

C. Use the light box to view X-rays of various normal and abnormal joints. Identify on x-rays, various joint structures listed above. 3

Exercise 3: Movements Allowed at Synovial Joints Define the following joint movements. Give an example of a joint where each movement may occur. Note which are considered “special movements.” Movement Flexion Extension Hyperextension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Pronation Supination Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression

Definition

Everyday Usage Application

bending movement usually along sagittal plane that decreases angle; to pick up stuff or tie shoe laces bending head forward or knee from a straight to angled position movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between Climbing the stairs articulating bones; straightening flexed neck, body trunk, elbow, or knee bending the head backward beyond its straight position Bending over to touch toes movement of a limb away from the midline of the body; increasing the angle movement of a limb toward the body midline; decreasing the angle

Raising the arms laterally, to the sides and moving the knees away from the midline Closing arms to the chest or bringing knees togethe

turning of a bone around its own long axis

Movement of the head from side to side

moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space; distal end moves in circle moves the distal end of the radius across the ulna so that the two bones create an X; "turning forward" rotating forearm laterally so that palm faces anteriorly or superiorly; radius and ulna are paralle sole of the foot faces medially

when spinning the arm when performing a serve in tennis or bowling a cricket ball. baseball pitching, football throwing, Turning your hand over to receive money motion when an ankle is twisted

sole of the foot faces laterally

baseball, soccer and skiing

lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin

when we walk

depressing the foot (pointing the toes) jut out the jaw move jaw back to original position

exercises is by doing calf raises,allows ballet dancers to stand on their toes. With the shoulder in 90o of abduction, brings the arms forward as if to hug someone moving the jaw bones backwards (e.g. as if grinding teeth)

Lifting a body part superiorly; ex-shrugging shoulders

Shrugging

Moving elevated part of inferiorly

depression of a shoulder joint lowers the corresponding arm vertically downwards

Check Your Understanding Each table select one activity. State which joints are involved in the specified movement, indicate the type of movements occurring at that joint. Share your findings with the entire lab. Note: Most movements have several components, so it is beneficial to actually perform the motion to see exactly which joints are involved. a. Climbing the stairs (focus on legs): Hipextension/flexion, Knee- extension/flexion ,Ankle- dorsiflexion/plantarflexion ________________________________________________________________

b. Answering the telephone (focus on arms): shoulder-flexion/extension, abduction/adduction proximal radial ulnar joint- pronation supination elbow- flexion/extension wristflexion/extension _________________________________________________________ jaw (TMJ)- elevation/depression

c. Bending over to touch toes (focus on torso and arms): flexion of the trunk,shoulder flexion,elbow extension,scapular pro _______________________________________________________

d. Shrugging shoulders while shaking head: The upward movement of the scapula and shoulder is elevation, while a downward movement is depression _________________________________________________________

e. Playing “patty-cake”: flexion of the shoulder ,extension of the shoulder

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