Ch 9 study guide PDF

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Ch. 9 study guide...

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Chapter 9: Cell Division and Mitosis Nature’s Pharmacy: From the bark of an ancient evergreen tree, a cancer treatment blockbuster Driving Question 1: When and how does normal cell division occur in the body? Why should you care? Cell division creates new cells from older ones. This is the process by which multicellular organisms—such as humans—grow, repair, and maintain their bodies. Understanding the purposes of cell division will help you understand how your body works, and some ways it may malfunction. The cell cycle is the name for the different steps that a cell progresses through during the course of its normal functioning and division. Understanding the cell cycle is essential for understanding the processes involved in cell division and the diseases associated with their control mechanisms. What should you know? To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to: 1. Explain how cell division enables multicellular organisms to grow and develop, maintain themselves, and repair injuries. 2. Define and diagram the cell cycle, including its major phases. 3. Explain the importance of the phases of the cell cycle. Infographic Focus: The infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 9.1, 9.2 and Up Close: Cell Cycle and Mitosis. Test Your Vocabulary: Match the following definitions to the terms they describe: [CELL DIVISION] [CELL CYCLE] [INTERPHASE] [MITOSIS] [CYTOKINESIS] [SISTER CHROMATIDS] [CENTROMERE] [MICROTUBULES] [MITOTIC SPINDLE] [KINETOCHORE] 1. Explain how cell division enables organisms to grow, maintain themselves, and repair injuries.

What are three reasons for cell division? Red blood cells are produced in bone marrow and other parts of the body. Each red blood cell lives about 3 months before it is broken down and recycled by the body. What are other parts of your body that you know to be composed of continually reproducing cells? Cell division creates new skin cells to bridge a cut. Can you think of any other kind of injury that could be repaired by cell division? Thought Question: If a one-celled embryo divides into trillions of cells that make up a human, where does the additional mass come from to make the new cells? 2. Define and diagram the cell cycle, including its major phases. What happens during the cell cycle? Diagram the cell cycle. Include the subphases that are part of of interphase and mitosis.

3. Explain the importance of the phases of the cell cycle. Fill in the following table: Phase of the Cell Cycle

Major Events

How is it different from the preceding phase?

How is it different from the phase that follows?

Interphase-G1 Interphase-S Interphase-G2 Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Review Questions 1. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? a. S Phase b. Cytokinesis c. Interphase d. Mitosis 2. Which phase of the cell cycle ensures that the resulting two cells are the same size as the original cell and not half the size? a. G1 Phase b. S Phase c. G2 Phase d. Cytokinesis

Driving Question 2: How do normal cells and cancer cells differ with respect to cell division? Why should you care? Cell division in humans and other multicellular organisms is highly regulated. Errors in cell division during early development can lead to deformities and disorders, including cancer. Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases. It is the result of unregulated cell division, which can result in a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor. What should you know? To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to: 1. Predict events that may halt the cell cycle in damaged cells and lead to apoptosis. 2. Differentiate between normal cell division and the unregulated cell division that leads to cancer. Infographic Focus: The infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5 and Up Close: Cell Cycle and Mitosis. Test Your Vocabulary: Match the following definitions to the terms they describe: [MUTATION] [CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINT] [APOPTOSIS] [TUMOR] 1. Predict events that may halt the cell cycle and lead to apoptosis. What problems can stimulate the cell cycle checkpoints to stop the cell cycle and lead to programmed cell death, apoptosis? 2. Differentiate between normal cell division and the unregulated cell division that leads to cancer. What’s the difference between healthy cells and cancer cells? Refer to Infographic 9.5 in your textbook if necessary. Review Questions 1. A cell that has exited the cell cycle with double the normal number of chromosomes would likely be produced if _____ happened without _____ during the cell cycle. a. mitosis; cytokinesis b. G1; S

c. S; G2 d. G1; mitosis e. cytokinesis; S 2. True or False: It is easy to target drugs to cancerous cells, leaving the normal, healthy tissue unaffected.

Driving Question 3: How are cancer treatment decisions made for a given patient? Why should you care? Few people are fortunate enough not to have cancer affect their own lives or the lives of those they care about. The terminology pertaining to cancer and treatments used for cancer are numerous and can become confusing. Understanding how cancer results from mistakes in the mechanisms that control cell cycle provides a useful perspective into modern cancer treatments and can make this disease a little less baffling. What should you know? To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to: 1. Explain how chemotherapy and radiation therapy are related to the cell cycle, and how each are used to treat different types of cancer. 2. Explain how the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are related to the cell cycle. Infographic Focus: The infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are is 9.6 and 9.7. Test Your Vocabulary: Match the following definitions to the terms they describe: [METASTASIS] [RADIATION THERAPY]

1. Explain how chemotherapy and radiation therapy are related to the cell cycle. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy both interfere with cell division. Why is that important when treating cancer? How does chemotherapy interfere with cell division? How does radiation therapy interfere with cell division? In what ways are radiation and chemotherapy alike? In what ways are radiation and chemotherapy different? What different types of cancer does each method treat? 2. Explain how the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are related to the cell cycle. Consider the case of a person with intestinal cancer who first receives chemotherapy and then, after a rest from the therapy, receives radiation therapy. Predict how the side effects of the two therapies would be alike and how they would differ. Thought Question: Why is it so difficult to target only cancerous cells for destruction? Review Questions 1. If you are an oncologist and see a patient with a tumor in their breast, what would be your first recommendation for treatment? a. Taxol b. Surgery c. Radiation Therapy d. Chemotherapy 2. If you find that this same patient’s cancer has metastasized, what would be your next recommendation for treatment? a. Surgery b. Radiation Therapy c. Chemotherapy d. Electron Therapy

Driving Question 4: How are new cancer drugs developed? Why should you care? With the prevalence of cancer and the often-unpleasant side effects of conventional treatment, alternative treatments are being continuously pursued. Cancer will eventually acquire resistance to conventional therapies and treatments, this is why the drive to discover and develop new therapies is extremely important for the future wellbeing of millions of patients. What should you know? To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to: 1. Describe how Taxol, a current chemotherapy drug, was discovered. 2. Predict the kinds of animal or plant products that may prove to be effective cancer treatments. Infographic Focus: The infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 9.4, 9.5 and 9.6. 1. Describe how Taxol, a current chemotherapy drug, was discovered. How was Taxol, a natural product, discovered? 2. Predict the kinds of animal or plant products that may prove to be effective cancer treatments. What would make a good anti-cancer agent? Where might some of these agents exist in nature? Review Questions 1. True or False. A good anti-cancer drug would target any cell that had a mutation in its DNA. 2. Thought question: With government funding being cut in almost all areas of research, including cancer, what do you think that means for new anti-cancer drug discovery?...