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Chapter 4 Ancient Greece Section 1 Notes The First Greek Civilizations The Impact of Geography ! • About 50,000 square miles • Off of the Mediterranean •

About the same size as the state of Louisiana! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! • Mountains – About 80% of Greece is mountains. The most famous and highest mountain in Greece is Mount Olympus.It is famous because of Greek mythology. The ancient greeks believed that their 12 major gods and goddesses lived in a palace at the top.The mountains isolated the Greeks from each other.Greece is made up of a lot of small, independent city-states and they are not friendly with each other because they are not familiar with each other. ! -Seas - The Aegean Sea, The Mediterranean Sea, and the Ionian Sea. No matter where you are in Greece, you are never more than 60 miles away from water. The coastline of Greece is over 8,000 miles long. They were skilled shipbuilders and captains.

Minoan Civilization – est. 2800 B.C. – Not GREEK, but highly influenced the Greek • Location – the island of Crete just south of mainland Greece •

Arthur Evans – He discovered Crete, he was a British archaeologist. He also named it the Minoan Civilization. It was a very organized society, it was named after the King Minos.

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Knossos – The name of the palace complex on Crete, the oldest surviving throne in the western world is here. Collapse of the Minoan Civilization - There are two theories- one is that a tidal wave destroyed a part of the island, and one is that they were invaded by mainland Greeks.If they were invaded it would’ve been by the Mycenae.

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The First Greek State: Mycenae 1600 – 1000 B.C. • • •

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Heinrich Schliemann – German archaeologist credited with discovery of the ruins at Mycenae. Government - First major Greek state, it was a monarchy. The government of the larger Greek region as a whole was a confederation of independent Greek states. Mycenae was the most powerful of all these states. Sparta was in Mycenae. The civilization was made up of an alliance of powerful monarchies, each living in a fortified center within large stone walls. The rest of the population lived outside of these walls. Tholos – A tomb where they would bury their royalty. Tholoses had a beehive shaped top above the entrance. Warrior culture – very war-like culture, meaning their life revolved around war. They prided themselves on heroic deeds in battle. It was seen as a disrespect to your state to come back after losing your battle, either you came bak a winner or you didn’t come back.

King Agamemnon & Troy - King Agamemnon was the ruler of the Mycenaean Greeks. He and the Greeks under his rule started the war with Troy. This war was all because of Helen, King Agamemnon’s brother; Menelaus, was Helen’s husband.The Trojan prince Paris took her and they are trying to recapture her. She could’ve been kidnapped,she could’ve gone willfully. They fought for 10 years. The Greeks decided they needed to make a big move, therefore, they built a giant trojan horse as a “peace offering”, they give it to Troy who are jubilant because they believe the Greeks have surrendered, so they begin to party. There are Greek soldiers hiding in the belly of the horse, and that night, they go to the gates of troy and let all the Greeks in who lay siege to the city and end the war. -Trade - Their pottery has been found in Egypt, Syria, and Italy, so they traded with many people. -Collapse of Mycenae – The Mycenaeans lose their power in the Greek world because of too much fighting. Once this happens, the whole of Greece goes through a dark age because this was the most powerful citystate.

The Greeks in a Dark Age, 1100 – 750 B.C. • Dark age - There are not a lot of written records, there was a drop in population, and there was a drop in food production. This happened mainly because of Greeks moving to other areas in Greece, we’re not sure of their motivations. • During the Dark Age many Greeks moved to new areas: ! ! 1. Ionia – On the coast of Asia minor across the Aegean Sea, they are now known as Ionian Greeks. ! ! 2. Lesbos – many people of northern Greece colonated the island os lesbos. The people who moved here were known as Aeoliaen Greeks. ! ! 3. Peloponnesus – The southernmost tip of Greece that was colonized by the Dorian Greeks. •

Advancements during the Dark Age - They started using iron instead of bronze, and this is when the Greek alphabet is developed, it is based off of the Phoenician language. It has 24 characters, starting with alpha and ending with omega.

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The works of Homer appeared at the end of the Dark Age; the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems, were passed down from generation to generation in Greece. Homer- a Greek writer who composed some of the most famous stories of the ancient world. including the story of the Trojan War in his story Iliad. He was supposedly blind. !

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Illiad - A classic work of literature written by Homer that is the story of the Trojan War. Odyssey - The story of a character named Odysseus, who was a Greek soldier who fought in the Trojan War, and The Odyssey is the story of his journey back to his family after the war is over. Importance of Homer’s works - The big importance of his works are that they were used to teach the Greeks values such as honor, courage, and bravery. The other importance is that it gave the Greeks a history they could be proud of.

Section 2 Notes THE GREEK CITY-STATES The Polis: Center of Greek Life By 750 B.C., the polis became the central focus of Greek life. • English word “politics” is derived from the Greek word Polis. Polis was the Greek word for city-state. It was a town, city, or village where people would meet for social, political, or religious activities. The largest polis, or city-state, was Athens, with about 300,00 people.

Acropolis – The highest point and center of a polis. It served as a refuge from attack because it was the highest point and it was sometimes a religious center as a temple or another important building. !

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Agora – At the base of the Acropolis, it was the open area below the Acropolis where people would assemble and have market. ! • ! !

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Most of all a polis was a community of people who shared an identity or goals. There were 3 classes of citizens:! ! ! 1. Citizens with political right, these were men.

! ! ! ! ! ! 2.Citizens without political rights, they had they advantages of citizenship but could not vote, women and children. ! ! ! ! ! ! 3. Non citizens, these were slaves or captives of war, people from somewhere else. •

“We must regard every citizen as belonging to the state.” Aristotle (meaning you have a lot of responsibility as a citizen, you belonged to the state so you needed to put the state’s needs first and be loyal.)

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Loyalty, a double-edged sword – One side--Greeks were fiercely loyal to their city-state but not necessarily to Greece. If you lived in Athens, you considered yourself Athenean first then greek second. Second side--you were distrustful and disloyal to other city states.

Military system – •

Hoplites – Heavily armed infantry soldiers that characterized Greek warfare. they were great warriors.

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Phalanx – Greek style of fighting where soldiers formed phalanx, or stood shoulder to shoulder, to march into battle. Many people copied this strategy.

Greek Colonies throughout the Mediterranean • •

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Where? - Greece had colonies in southern Italy, southern France, North Africa, and the coast of the Black Sea. Results of expansion – There is a lot of wealth in greece because of this expansion. The Greeks control every waterway from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean. Political dilema- When Greece starts to build, there is a whole class of people who are rich who now desire political power and the aristocrats in charge don’t want to give up their power. The only thing they think they can do is take it from the aristocrats forcefully, and this begins a new age.

Tyranny in the City-States • •

Tyrant - A person who seizes power by force. Positive Results of Tyranny – When the Tyrants overthrew the aristocrats, they have everyone’s support because they were poor once too, so they knew what it was like and could relate to the people. The Tyrants then helped the poor people, which was the majority of the population. This paved the way for democracy and helped the population.

SPARTA – Peloponnesian Peninsula •

Helots – Spartans were highly self-disciplined. A Helot is a slave meaning captured or captive. The losers of their battles they fought they took as Helots.

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To maintain power over helots a military state was created. ! ! 1. Males spent their whole childhood learning military activities. At age 7 you were taken from your home and began your military training. ! ! until age 60.

2. Men lived in barracks from ages 20-30; but they remained in the army

! ! 3. Sparta women had much freedom because of the separation from their husbands who were off at war. •

Spartan government – Sparta was an oligarchy. 1. Oligarchy – Means “ rule by a few”. There were two rulers, both kings. One was in charge of the military and one was in charge of the government. 2. Ephors – Another governing body, there were 5 Ephors, they were elected every year, and their job was to deal with the conduct and education of the citizens.

3. Council of elders – A body of 30 men, 2 of them were the two kings. The others were men over age of 60. It was their job to decide what issues would be voted on by the assembly. 4. Assembly – Made up of every adult Spartan male, and they voted on the issues presented to them. You either got to vote yes or no, you didn’t get to debate or revise it. •

Isolationists – Means that they kept to themselves, they were not allowed to leave and travel abroad because they didn’t want anyone to leave and not come back. People were not encouraged to come into Sparta either because they didn’t want to introduce any weakness.

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ATHENS – Attica Peninsula •

Monarchy -> Oligarchy -> Tyranny -> DEMOCRACY By the end of the 7th c. Athens had serious economic problems; many Athenian soldiers were sold into slavery in order to pay their debts. Athens was on the verge of civil war; cries to cancel debts. These 3 men were instrumental in bringing about democracy.

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Solon – He is the last of the aristocrats to rule over Athens. He is a reformminded aristocrats, meaning he knew there needed to be change. He canceled the debt of the people and he let the poor out of jail. Because he didn’t take the riches land and give it to the poor, the people revolted.

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Pisistratus - He does give the aristocrat’s land to the poor to appease the peasants, Athens rebelled against his son.

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Cleisthenes - he established the council of 500, and the Athenian assembly was given the right to pass laws, which set the stage for Athenian democracy.

Section 3 Notes Classical Greece The Challenge of Persia As the Greeks spread throughout the Mediterranean, they came in contact with the Persian Empire in the East. The Ionian Greeks in western Asia Minor had already been taken over by the Persians by the mid-6th c. In 499 B.C. the Ionians, with the help of the Athenian navy, rebelled against the Persians; and led the Persian ruler Darius to seek revenge. Four major battles over the course of the Persian Wars.

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The Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.) – Marathon is 26 Miles north of Athens. Athens is a very important city and it is so close that when it was attacked the ultimate goal of the Persians was to capture Athens. The ultimate goal of the Greeks was to protect Athens. The Greeks are severely outnumbered. The Persians had up to 200,00 soldiers and the Greeks never had more than 10,000 at a battle. What they lacked in size though, they made up for in strategy. To try and get more soldiers, they send for reinforcements from Sparta. The Greeks will win this battle. The persians are humiliated. Pheidippides – One of the major reasons for their victory is credited to him, he’s not a great soldier but a great runner. he ran over 140 miles over the course of two days during this battle. He was sent from Marathon to Sparta to get reinforcements, then he ran back. Then, when the battle was over, he ran from Marathon to Athens to tell the people they won, which is where a Marathon race came from, from Marathon to Athens is exactly 26.1 miles. After he ran to Athens, it is said he dropped dead from all of his running, possible a heart attack. Darius dies in 486 and Xerxes comes to power over Persia- Xerxes vows to get revenge against the Greeks after the embarrassing loss at Marathon.

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Battle @ Thermopylae (480 B.C) – Ten years after the battle at Marathon. The Greeks have had the opportunity to build up their navy during this time. This city is very important in Greece because there weren’t many good travel roads except for one that went through this city and went straight to Athens. The Persians attacked hoping to reach Athens. The Greeks are highly outnumbered, they only had 7,000 soldiers. This 7,000 included the famous 300 Spartans. We’re not sure how many Persians there were at this battle but there were many. The Greeks bravely hold the Persians off for two whole days but at the end of the two days almost all of them were dead except for the 300 Spartans and a few other Greeks. There was a traitor among the Greeks who lets the Persians know where the Greek’s location is which helps the Persians win this battle. All the Greeks and Spartans end up getting killed.

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Greeks abandon Athens (480 B.C.) – Athens is vulnerable because of this loss so the citizens of Athens abandon the city.

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Battle @ Salamis (480 B.C.) – A naval battle, so the Greeks have a big advantage. They end up winning.

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Battle @ Plataea (479 B.C.) – A land battle, the Greeks assemble the largest army that they have ever put into one battle, they got together about 10,000 soldiers. The Greeks win. With this victory they have won 3 of the four major battle of the war so they win the Persian War. The Greeks secure the position as a major world power with this victory. Athens defines itself as the chief city-state in Greece.

The Athenian Empire After the defeat of the Persians, Athens becomes the leader of the Greek World •

Delian League - After the war is over, all of the Greeks come together and form an alliance where they agree to cooperate with one another if there is another dispute with the Persians. This was very important, it was headquartered on Delos, where the official treasury of Athens was. Therefore, Athens was in charge of the Delian League. Athens gained more power with this.

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Age of Pericles - Athens expanded their empire even more, democracy and culture thrived, and Pericles was a dominant figure of Athenian Politics. He was the major cause of this expansion, so this time period is called the Age of Pericles. The created an environment where democracy could grow and thrive. rebuilding also began after the war. The Parthenon was built while he was ruler. He opened up politics to more people because he made political jobs paid positions.

Direct democracy - A type of democracy where all citizens with voting rights could vote on all issues. All adult males were also members of the Assembly,which was the legislative body of Athens. The Assembly met every ten days on the Acropolis. Ostracism - A practice where you ignore or leave someone out. It was a system the Greeks used in order to protect their democracy. They never want any one person to have whole control of the government so this protected them. If you knew a power-hungry man, you could ostracize them by voting in the Assembly. If any one person received 6,000 votes, they were ostracized from the city for ten years. •

Daily Life in Athens - Athens had about 300,000 people living there, about a hundred thousand of them were slaves. It was very normal. Almost every family had at least one slave. The number of slaves you had depended on your wealth. The slaves in Greece could’ve been a person in debt, or a prisoner of war, which meant it could even be another Greek. About 75,000 were male citizens.

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Economy and Society - All of Greece was agricultural and very trade oriented. Their economy depended on agriculture (mainly grapes an olives, then they made olive oil and wine to trade) and trade. Family was very important in Greece, their family structure was very traditional meaning they married for love, they did not have more than one wife, they had a lot of children and they loved their children.

The Great Peloponnesian War After the defeat of the Persians, the Greek world would be divided into two different camps: The Athenian Empire and Sparta. Athens and Sparta could not have been more different. Because of this, they were very distrustful of each other. Sparta was jealous of the wealth and power Athens gained after the Persian War and they were fearful of how wealthy and power they had. All these feelings lead to this war. Even though this was between Sparta and Athens, almost all of Greece is pulled into this war because they are allies. The war starts in 431 BC. Athen’s strategy was to stay within their city walls as long s possible because they knew the Spartans were very skilled on an open battlefield. The Spartan strategy was then to surround Athens and wait because they reason they have to come out eventually. Sickness and disease grow rampant because of these close quarters, so plague breaks out and kills a third of the population, including Pericles, the leader. After this plague, the people still continue to fight for the next 25 years. This inner conflict is the beginning of the downfall of the Greeks. In 405 BC when the war is over, Greece as a whole is severely weakened. What ended this war is when Athen’s large navy is destroyed. Overall, there is really no winner because this brings Greece to it’s lowest point.

Section 4 Notes The Culture of Classical Greece Greek Religion • Affected all aspects of life- The Greeks had no religion where there was a doctrine or morality. They figured that everyone was going to Hades’ Underworld in afterlife so they weren’t concerned with good or bad during their life. There were different levels in the Underworld. • •

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Religious festivals were held to honor the gods, and most of the time consisted of athletic events. The most important aspect f their religion was the festivals and rituals they had to honor the gods. The Olympics were one of the festivals, held to honor Zeus. The first one was held in 776 BC at the Temple of Zeus in Olympia. Only men were allowed to participate or spectate in the Olympics because the men competed naked in all of the events. When you won the Olympics, you were a hero and famous and highly respected. • Greeks wanted to know the will of the gods and consulted oracles, where the priest or priestess revealed their future. Oracles were dedicated to different gods and goddesses, and a priest or priest would be housed in the oracle. You would go there and ask big life questions. You would then be given an answer from the priest that was supposedly divinely given to them by the gods and goddesses. The answers were very vague.

Classical Greek Arts and Literature The arts of the Western World have largely been dominated by the standards that were set by the Greeks of the Classical period. • Architecture and Sculpture ,Greek architecture is influential still today. They pretty much invented c...