chap 28 Trauma and Stressor PDF

Preview

Summary

chap 28 Trauma and Stressor...

Description

Chapter 28 – Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders Historical and Epidemiological Ch 28 includes: PTSD, ASD, Adjustment Disorder  PTSD and ASD are classified as anxiety disordersfollowing a traumatic event  Adjustment disorder is its own classificationstress reactions following “normal” daily events (divorce, failure, rejection)  All three occur following exposure to an identifiable stressor or an extreme traumatic event Trauma Related Disorders include: 1.PTSD and 2.ASD “Trauma” = extremely distressing experience that causes severe emotional shock and may have long lasting psychological events  Examples: natural or man-made disaster, combat, serious accident, witness a violent death, victim of torture, terrorism, rape, other crimes 1.Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – Posttrauma response was historically known as shell shock, battle fatigue, accident neurosis, or posttraumatic neurosis. – Renewed interest in the disorder began in the 1970s in response to problems encountered by Vietnam veterans. – Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) first appeared in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-III, 1980). – More than half of all individuals will experience a traumatic event in their lifetimes, but less than 10 percent will develop PTSD. – The traumatic event is described as one that is outside the range of usual human experience. – PTSD is more common in women than in men. – What is it? A reaction to an extreme trauma, which is likely to cause pervasive distress (reexperience the event via recurrent and intrusive dreams or flashbacks) to almost anyone, such as natural or manmade disasters, combat, serious accidents, witnessing the violent death of others, being the victim of torture, terrorism, rape, or other crimes. – Characteristic Symptoms include: o Reexperiencing the traumatic event o A sustained high level of anxiety or arousal o A general numbing of responsiveness o Intrusive recollections or nightmares o Amnesia to certain aspects of the trauma o Depression, survivors guilt o Substance abuse o Anger and aggression o Relationship problems – Symptoms may begin within the first 3 months after the trauma, or there may be a delay of several months or even years.

2.Acute Stress Disorder – Similar to PTSD in terms of precipitating traumatic events and symptomatology – Symptoms are time limited—up to 1 month following the trauma – If the symptoms last longer than 1 month, the diagnosis would be PTSD.

Predisposing Factors to Trauma Related Disorders – Psychosocial theory • Seeks to explain why some individuals exposed to massive trauma develop PTSD while others do not • Variables include characteristics that relate to: – The traumatic experience

Chapter 28 – Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders – The individual – The recovery environment – Learning Theory • Negative reinforcement leads to the reduction in an aversive experience thereby reinforcing and resulting in repetition of the behavior....