Chapter 01 Earth apos s Atmosphere PDF

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 1.Earth'sfirstatmosphere(approximately4.6billionyearsago)wasmostlikelycomposedof____. a.nitrogenandoxygen b.hydrogenandhelium c.carbondioxideandnitrogen d.oxygenandcarbondioxide ANSWER:b 2.TheprimarysourceofwatervaporandcarbondioxideforEarth’searlyatmospherewasmostlikely____. a.photosynthesis b.ozonereactions c.outgassing d.nitrogenchemicalreactions ANSWER:c 3.ThemostabundantgasesinEarth'spresentdayatmosphere(byvolume)are____. a.carbondioxideandnitrogen b.oxygenandwatervapor c.nitrogenandoxygen d.oxygenandhelium ANSWER:c 4.NearEarth’ssurface,____occupiesabout78%and____about21%ofthetotalvolumeofdryair. a.nitrogen;oxygen b.hydrogen;oxygen c.oxygen;hydrogen d.nitrogen;watervapor ANSWER:a 5.Atmosphericconcentrationsof____canvarysignificantlydependingontimeandlocation. a.hydrogen b.watervapor c.helium d.argon ANSWER:b

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 6.Theonlysubstancefoundnaturallyintheloweratmospherethatcanexistasasolid,aliquid,andagasis____. a.carbondioxide b.water c.methane d.ozone ANSWER:b 7.Whichchemicalprocessisanexampleofcondensation? a.watervaporformation b.clouddropletformation c.photosynthesis d.iceformation ANSWER:b 8.Thegreenhouseeffectisdirectlyenhancedby____. a.photosynthesis b.energyabsorptionbyatmosphericwatervaporparticles c.chemicalweathering d.carbondioxidedissolutionintheoceans ANSWER:b 9.Carbondioxideisremovedfromtheatmospherethroughtheprocessof____. a.fuelcombustion b.respiration c.volcanicactivity d.photosynthesis ANSWER:d 10.AverageatmosphericCO2concentrationshave____overthepast100years. a.slightlydecreased b.remainedconstant c.significantlydecreased d.increased ANSWER:d

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 11.WhichgasintheupperatmosphereshieldsEarth’ssurfacefromthesun’sharmfulultravioletrays? a.nitrogen b.methane c.ozone d.chlorofluorocarbons ANSWER:c 12.Tinysolidorliquidparticlesofvariouscompositionsthataresuspendedintheatmospherearecalled____. a.aerosols b.carcinogens c.greenhousegases d.chlorofluorocarbons ANSWER:a 13.The"ozonehole"isobservedabove____. a.theequator b.Australia c.Antarctica d.Asia ANSWER:c 14.Insunlight,nitrogendioxidereactswithhydrocarbonsandothergasestoproduce____. a.weatherelements b.surfaceozone c.theionosphere d.pollution ANSWER:b 15.Theverticalprofileof____isvariableineachlayerofEarth’satmosphere. a.airtemperature b.airpressure c.altitude d.airdensity ANSWER:a

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 16.Inatemperatureinversion,airtemperature____. a.increaseswithincreasingheight b.decreaseswithincreasingheight c.increaseswithdecreasingheight d.remainsconstantwithincreasingheight ANSWER:a 17.Aradiosonde____. a.measuresparticulatematterintheatmosphere b.monitorssurfaceweatherconditionsinremoteareas c.measurestheverticaldistributionofatmospherictemperature,pressure,andhumidity d.usesradiowavestodeterminetheheightoftheionosphere ANSWER:c 18.AlloftheweatherwearefamiliarwithonEarthoccursinthe____. a.exosphere b.stratosphere c.mesosphere d.troposphere ANSWER:d 19.Jetstreamsarefoundwithinthe____. a.thermosphere b.tropopause c.stratopause d.exosphere ANSWER:b 20.Whichgasisresponsibleforthetemperatureinversioninthestratosphere? a.carbondioxide b.nitrogen c.ozone d.argon ANSWER:c

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 21.Airdensityisgreatestinthe____. a.heterosphere b.thermosphere c.ionosphere d.homosphere ANSWER:d 22.Thethermosphereiswherechargedparticlesfromthesuninteractwithairmoleculestoproduce____. a.ozone b.auroras c.radiowaves d.humidity ANSWER:b 23.Theexosphereis____. a.wherejetstreamsarefound b.theozonelayer c.theupperlimitofouratmosphere d.whereairdensityisgreatest ANSWER:c 24.Whatisaregionintheatmospherewhereairtemperatureremainsconstantwithheight? a.temperatureinversion b.jetstream c.isothermalzone d.hypoxiczone ANSWER:c 25.Themajorityofatmosphericozone(about97%)isfoundinthe____. a.thermosphere b.mesosphere c.stratosphere d.exosphere ANSWER:c

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 26.Whatistheweatherelementthatinvolvesthehorizontalmovementofair? a.airtemperature b.airpressure c.wind d.humidity ANSWER:c 27.Theword"weather"isdefinedas____. a.thefrequencyofprecipitationorotherevents b.anytypeoffallingprecipitation c.theconditionoftheatmosphereatanyparticulartimeandplace d.thegeneralclimateofaregion ANSWER:c 28.Theterm“meteorology”goesbacktotheGreekphilosopherAristotle,who,about340B.C.,wroteabookcalled ____. a.WeatherandClimate b.Meteorologica c.ExtraordinaryWeather d.MeteorologyToday ANSWER:b 29.Atropicalstormsystemwithwindsinexcessof74mi/hrintheeasternPacificiscalleda(n)____. a.anticyclone b.tornado c.extratropicalcyclone d.hurricane ANSWER:d 30.Middle-latitudecyclonicstormsystemsarealsoknownas____. a.anticyclones b.hurricanes c.extratropicalcyclones d.tornadoes ANSWER:c

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 31.Atoweringcloud,orclusterofclouds,accompaniedbythunder,lightning,stronggustywinds,andheavyrainiscalled a(n)____. a.hurricane b.cyclone c.thunderstorm d.tornado ANSWER:c 32.InthemiddlelatitudesoftheNorthernHemisphere,surfacewindstendtoblow____and____aroundanareaof surfacelowpressure. a.clockwise;inward b.clockwise;outward c.counterclockwise;inward d.counterclockwise;outward ANSWER:c 33.Manycommonsayingsabouttheweather,suchas“redskyatmorning,sailortakewarning;redskyatnight,sailor’s delight”arerootedin____. a.carefulobservations b.formingahypothesis c.carefulexperimentation d.posingaquestion ANSWER:a 34.Areasofhighatmosphericpressurearealsoknownas____. a.hurricanes b.anticyclones c.troughs d.tornadoes ANSWER:b 35.ThelettersHandLonasurfaceweathermaprefertoregionsofhighandlow____. a.temperature b.winds c.pressure d.latitude ANSWER:c

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 36.Whatpatternismostlikelyassociatedwithclearskiesandfairweather? a.highpressureregions b.lowpressureregions c.acoldfront d.awarmfront ANSWER:a 37.Cloudsoftenformin____. a.risingairinthecenterofalowpressurearea b.risingairinthecenterofahighpressurearea c.sinkingairinthecenterofalowpressurearea d.sinkingairinthecenterofahighpressurearea ANSWER:a 38.Extratropicalcyclonesarefound____. a.insidethetropics b.outsidethetropics c.attheequator d.bothinsideandoutsidethetropics ANSWER:b 39.Youarefacingnorthandthewindisblowinginyourface.Thiswindwouldbecalleda(n)____. a.southwind b.eastwind c.northwind d.southerlywind ANSWER:c 40.Linesoflatitudeonamaprepresentthedistance____fromthe____. a.eastorwest;primemeridian b.northorsouth;equator c.northorsouth;primemeridian d.eastorwest;equator ANSWER:b 41.Molecularoxygen(O2)inEarth’searlyatmosphereprobablyoriginatedfromthesplittingofwatervapor(H2O)into hydrogenandoxygen. a.True b.False ANSWER:True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 42.Methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),andchlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)aregreenhousegases. a.True b.False ANSWER:True 43.TheairpressureatthesummitofMountEverestishigherthantheairpressureatsealevel. a.True b.False ANSWER:False 44.Onacloudlessday,thetropopauseiseasilyvisiblewiththenakedeye. a.True b.False ANSWER:False 45.Weatherandclimatehavebecomesomuchapartofourlivesthatthefirstthingmanyofusdointhemorningisliste tothelocalweatherforecast.Forthisreason,manyradioandtelevisionnewscastsrequirethattheweathercasterbe certifiedbytheAmericanMeteorologicalSociety(AMS). a.True b.False ANSWER:True Instructions:Chooseoneanswerfromeachpairofselections. 46.Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)causedestructiontoozonethroughthereleaseofSULFURICACID|CHLORINE. ANSWER:CHLORINE 47.AcyclonicstormsystemintheNorthernHemispherehaswindsspinningCLOCKWISE|COUNTERCLOCKWISE aboutitscenter. ANSWER:TROPICAL 48.TheburningofcoalandoilcanreleaseSULFUR|NITROGENgasesintotheatmospherethatmaytransforminto acidrain. ANSWER:SULFUR 49.AirdensityisgreatestintheUPPER|LOWERatmosphere. ANSWER:LOWER 50.SealevelpressureisdeterminedbytheWEIGHT|HEIGHToftheatmosphere. ANSWER:WEIGHT

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 51.Peakozone(O3)concentrationsarefoundinthestratospherenear25kmaltitude.Wouldyouexpecttofindthe highestmolecularoxygen(O2)concentrationsatHIGHERorLOWERaltitude? ANSWER:LOWER 52.WouldyouexpecttofindthestrongestverticalairmotionsintheTROPOSPHEREorintheSTRATOSPHERE? ANSWER:TROPOSPHERE 53.ClearskiesoccurinhighpressureregionswheretheairisRISING|SINKING. ANSWER:SINKING 54.Iftheweatherforecastpredictsthearrivalofawarmfronttoyourareafortheweekend,shouldyouexpectRAINo CLEARSKIES? ANSWER:RAIN 55.WouldyouexpectwindspeedstoDECREASEorINCREASEwhenafrontalsystempasses? ANSWER:INCREASE 56.Scientistsposehypotheses,orinformedpredictionsabouthowournaturalworldwillbehave,usingthe ____________________method. ANSWER:scientific 57.Plantphotosynthesisincreasedtheconcentrationof____________________inEarth’searlyatmosphere. ANSWER:oxygen 58.Earth’satmosphericpressurealways____________________withincreasingheight. ANSWER:decreases 59.ThebasisfordividingEarth'satmosphereintolayersisthechangeof____________________withaltitude. ANSWER:temperature 60.Meteorologistsuse____________________radartoobservethewindsandprecipitationintensitiesassociatedwit severethunderstorms. ANSWER:Doppler 61.Explainhowozone(O3)canplaybothabeneficialandadetrimentalroleintheearth'satmosphere. ANSWER:AtEarth’ssurface,ozone(O3)istheprimaryingredientofphotochemicalsmog,whichirritatestheeyes andthroatanddamagesvegetation.Butthemajorityofatmosphericozone(about97percent)isfoundin theupperatmosphere(stratosphere)whereitisformednaturally,asoxygenatomscombinewithoxygen molecules.Here,theconcentrationofozoneaverageslessthan0.002percentbyvolume.Thissmall quantityisimportant,however,becauseitshieldsplants,animals,andhumansfromthesun’sharmful ultravioletrays.Itisironicthatozone,whichdamagesplantlifeinapollutedenvironment,providesa naturalprotectiveshieldintheupperatmospheresothatplantsonthesurfacemaysurvive. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere 62.DescribehowdeforestationaffectstheconcentrationofCO2intheearth’satmosphere. ANSWER:TheremovalofCO2fromtheatmospheretakesplaceduringphotosynthesis,asplantsconsumeCO2to producegreenmatter.DeforestationincreasesCO2intheatmosphereastimberiscut.Ifforestsare burnedorlefttorot,itthenreleasesCO2directlyintotheair,perhapsaccountingforabout10percentof theobservedincrease. 63.Explainwhyoxygen-breathingequipmentwouldbeneededinmesosphericaireventhoughitcontainsthesame compositionofgasesthatisfoundattheearth’ssurface. ANSWER:Theairinthemesosphereisextremelythinandtheatmosphericpressureisquitelow.Eventhoughthe percentageofnitrogenandoxygeninthemesosphereisaboutthesameasitisatEarth’ssurface,a breathofmesosphericaircontainsfarfeweroxygenmoleculesthanabreathoftroposphericair.Atthis level,withoutproperoxygen-breathingequipment,thebrainwouldsoonbecomeoxygen-starved—a conditionknownashypoxia—andsuffocationwouldresult. 64.Whatisthedifferencebetweenweatherandclimate? ANSWER:Weatheristheconditionoftheatmosphereatanyparticulartimeandplace.Weatherisalwayschanging andiscomprisedoftheelementsofairtemperature,airpressure,humidity,clouds,precipitation,visibility, andwind.Theclimateofaparticularregionwouldbeits“averageweather”.Climaterepresentsthe accumulationofdailyandseasonalweathereventsoveralongperiodoftime. 65.Explainthedifferencesinairmotionwithinalowpressuresystemandahighpressuresystem. ANSWER:Horizontalpressuredifferencescreateaforcethatstartstheairmovingfromhigherpressuretoward lowerpressure.Becauseoftheearth’srotation,thewindsaredeflectedfromtheirpathtowardtheright intheNorthernHemisphere.Thisdeflectioncausesthewindstoblowclockwiseandoutwardfromthe centerofthehighs,andcounterclockwiseandinwardtowardthecenterofthelows.Asthesurfaceair spinsintothelow,itflowstogetherandisforcedupward,liketoothpastesqueezedoutofanupwardpointingtube.Therisingaircools,andthewatervaporintheaircondensesintoclouds.Inregionsofhigh pressure,skiesaregenerallyclear.Asthesurfaceairflowsoutwardawayfromthecenterofahigh,air sinkingfromabovemustreplacethelaterallyspreadingsurfaceair.Sincesinkingairdoesnotusually produceclouds,wefindgenerallyclearskiesandfairweatherassociatedwiththeregionsofhigh atmosphericpressure.

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Chapter01-Earth'sAtmosphere Matchtheatmospherictermwiththeappropriatedescription. a.Theairisextremelythinandtheatmosphericpressureisquitelow.Thepercentageofnitrogenandoxygenin thislayerisaboutthesameasitisatEarth’ssurface,butcontainsfarfeweroxygenmolecules. b.Inthislayer,collisionsbetweengasmoleculesandatomsaresoinfrequentthatfast-movinglightermolecules canactuallyescapeEarth’sgravitationalpull,andshootoffintospace. c.ThislayeriswellstirredandcontainsalloftheweatherthatwearefamiliarwithonEarthandwhere temperaturedecreaseswithheight. d.Inthislayer,oxygenmolecules(O2)absorbenergeticsolarraysmakingitthewarmestpartoftheatmosphere. Thisisalsothelocationwherethebulkoftheionospherelies. e.Inthislayer,airtemperaturebeginstoincreasewithheightproducingatemperatureinversion,whichreduces theamountofverticalmotion.Thisisalsothelayerinwhichtheozonelayerlies. 66.troposphere ANSWER:c 67.stratosphere ANSWER:e 68.mesosphere ANSWER:a 69.thermosphere ANSWER:d 70.exosphere ANSWER:b

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