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Chapter 7—Human Memory MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is the order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory

system and is used later? a. encoding, storage, retrieval b. acquisition, encoding, retrieval c. encoding, retrieval, storage d. storage, retrieval, acquisition ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 302

BLM: Higher order

2. What must occur in order for a memory to be stored? a. encoding b. retrieval c. modelling d. ablation ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 302

BLM: Higher order

3. Jorge listens attentively to the premier’s speech and translates the information from the speech

into new memories. What is the main memory process that accounts for the fact that Jorge is able to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time? a. encoding b. storage c. retrieval d. priming ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 302

BLM: Higher order

4. Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first-semester Spanish class after the

class has ended. What memory process accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time? a. encoding b. retrieval c. chunking d. storage ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 302

BLM: Higher order

5. Which memory process would you be using if you were attempting to remember where you

left your keys? a. encoding b. storage c. retrieval d. acquisition ANS: C

PTS: 1

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd.

REF: p. 302

BLM: Higher order

6. What is the term for the process of recalling information from memory? a. encoding b. information registry c. retrieval d. storage ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 302

BLM: Remember

7. Thalia studied for her midterm and when her roommate quizzed her, she gave correct answers

to all sorts of questions. The day of the midterm, however, Thalia was unable to provide answers to questions that she had answered the night before. What can you conclude from this memory failure? a. Thalia stored the information appropriately, but her encoding was faulty. b. Thalia encoded and stored the wrong information. c. Thalia did not actually encode the information. d. Thalia encoded the information, and stored it, but was unable to retrieve it. ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 302

BLM: Higher order

8. Zachariah was nervous about his midterm exams, but once he started he found that he was

able to accurately recall the necessary information. Which memory process accounts for Zachariah’s access and utilization of the information in his memory? a. encoding b. storage c. retrieval d. rehearsal ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 302

BLM: Higher order

9. Which process is important for memory, and involves focusing awareness on a narrow range

of stimuli or events? a. elaboration b. clustering c. attention d. encoding ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 303

BLM: Remember

10. Which of the following is a component of most theories of attention? a. the assumption that the vast majority of stimuli reach conscious awareness b. recognition that our attention is distributed equally among all sensory inputs c. the concept of attention as a selective filter that screens out most stimuli d. emphasis on the nonselective nature of attention ANS: C

PTS: 1

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd.

REF: p. 303

BLM: Remember

11. Which of the following is proposed by early-selection theories of attention? a. Stimuli are screened out before they reach the sense organs. b. Stimuli are screened out before the brain processes the meaning of sensory input. c. Stimuli are screened out immediately after the brain processes the meaning of

sensory input. d. Attention is distributed equally among all stimulus inputs that are above threshold. ANS: B

PTS: 1

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BLM: Higher order

12. Curtis is working on a presentation and doesn’t hear the phone ringing in the background.

Later, he is surprised to find three phone messages have come in for him, because he was totally unaware that the phone had even rung. Which of the following models is supported by this example? a. late-selection model of attention b. early-selection model of attention c. acoustic-blocking model of attention d. proactive model of attention ANS: B

PTS: 1

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BLM: Higher order

13. Frances is daydreaming during her botany class, and has not been listening to the lecture at

all. She is suddenly aware that her professor has just called her name, and is waiting for her to respond to a question that has been asked. Which type of model is supported by this example? a. early-selection model of attention b. late-selection model of attention c. retroactive model of attention d. acoustic-blocking model of attention ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 303

BLM: Higher order

14. Even if you are not attending to a particular conversation between two people, you may notice

if one of the people says your name. What is the term for this type of occurrence? a. Posner effect b. Craik effect c. cocktail party phenomenon d. self-referent phenomenon ANS: C

PTS: 1

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd.

REF: p. 303

BLM: Higher order

15. Cherie is trying to do two things at once. She is completing a time-limited online quiz for a

very important course (so she has to pay attention to the questions), and she is trying to monitor a conversation going on behind her, involving some juicy gossip. Which of the following would you expect if you asked Cherie to recall as much as possible about the conversation? a. She would not remember as much as she would have if she had focused on the conversation. b. She would have excellent memory for the conversation, because paralleldistributed processing would temporarily allow her to monitor two streams of content. c. She would have poor memory for components of the conversation that were similar in content to the quiz. d. She would remember more than usual about the conversation, because the topic was personally relevant. ANS: A

PTS: 1

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BLM: Higher order

16. Which of the following has been demonstrated to be the least dangerous method of

conversation while driving? a. using text messaging b. talking on a hands-free cellular phone c. talking to passengers in the vehicle d. talking on a hand-held cellular phone ANS: C

PTS: 1

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BLM: Higher order

17. When a driver of a vehicle is having a conversation, which of the following is most likely to

lead to problems with driving? a. conflicting recommendations from ‘back seat drivers’ b. changes in emotional reactivity c. divided attention d. inability to detect other auditory stimuli ANS: C

PTS: 1

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BLM: Higher order

18. Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as

suggested by Craik and Lockhart? a. functional b. phonemic c. structural d. semantic ANS: A

PTS: 1

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd.

REF: p. 305

BLM: Remember

19. Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included “dog, pail, and hate.”

Later, she recalled these words as “dig, paint, and hard.” Based on Kiana’s errors in recall, how did she encode the original word list? a. implicitly b. semantically c. phonemically d. structurally ANS: D

PTS: 1

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BLM: Higher order

20. In which level of processing is emphasis placed on the sounds of words? a. morphemic b. phonemic c. platonic d. mnemonic ANS: B

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BLM: Higher order

21. Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included “dog, pail, and hate.”

Later, he recalled these words as “log, whale, and late.” Based on Xavier’s errors in recall, how did he encode the original word list? a. semantically b. phonemically c. retroactively d. structurally ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 305

BLM: Higher order

22. Which type of memory code emphasizes the meaning of verbal input? a. phonemic b. semantic c. episodic d. structural ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 305

BLM: Remember

23. Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included “dog, pail, and hate.”

Later, she recalled these words as “pup, bucket, and loathe.” Based on Taryn’s errors in recall, how did she encode the original word list? a. semantically b. structurally c. proactively d. phonemically ANS: A

PTS: 1

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd.

REF: p. 305

BLM: Higher order

24. Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing? a. phonemic, semantic, structural b. structural, phonemic, semantic c. semantic, phonemic, structural d. structural, semantic, phonemic ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 305

BLM: Remember

25. What is the deepest level of processing of information in memory? a. triarchic level of encoding b. attentional encoding c. semantic level of encoding d. dyadic encoding ANS: C

PTS: 1

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BLM: Remember

26. Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes? a. semantic b. phonemic c. structural d. mnemonic ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 305

BLM: Higher order

27. Two students took a memory test. Twenty nouns were shown sequentially on a TV monitor.

Mallory tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor. Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence. Which of the following should you predict based on Craik and Lockhart’s levels-of-processing theory? a. Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding. b. Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding. c. Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding. d. Both students should have equivalent recall of the words. ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 305

BLM: Higher order

28. Tim studies for three hours and Lim studies for two hours. If both students are reasonably

intelligent and motivated to remember the information, which student will have a better memory for the studied material? a. It is impossible to know because differences in semantic and episodic style will dictate which student has the most effective memory processing. b. Lim will, because fatigue leads to proactive interference. c. It is impossible to know because time of processing is not a reliable index of depth of processing. d. Tim will, because the amount of time spent studying correlates with depth of processing. ANS: C

PTS: 1

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd.

REF: p. 305

BLM: Higher order

29. What does the process of elaboration involve? a. linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding b. decreasing the complexity of the material to be remembered c. forming two kinds of memory code for each word d. the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 305

BLM: Remember

30. Hugh is studying for his geography test. He is in a hurry, so he focuses on the main points of

the text and skips all of the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point. Which of the following is true for this case? a. Hugh is using an efficient study strategy, because examples often cause students to become confused about key issues. b. Hugh’s strategy is ineffective and he will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads. c. Hugh is chunking to create fewer storage units, and this should aid his later recall of the information. d. Hugh is using deep processing, which should produce a very durable memory for the material. ANS: B

PTS: 1

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BLM: Higher order

31. Naomi is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many

examples as she can to illustrate key ideas. Which of the following is true for this case? a. Naomi uses shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is reading. b. Naomi is using an efficient study strategy, because examples should help her to recall key ideas. c. Naomi employs the linking method, to create a more complete semantic network. d. Naomi’s strategy is ineffective study strategy, because it will probably cause her to confuse many of the key ideas. ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 305

BLM: Higher order

32. Karina is given a list of words to memorize, and she forms a mental image of each word on

the list. Calvin is given the same list of words, and he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. What should you expect on a memory test, based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding? a. Calvin will recall more words than Karina. b. Both Karina and Calvin will recall the same number of words. c. Karina is more likely to make “look-alike” errors in recall. d. Karina will recall more words than Calvin. ANS: D

PTS: 1

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd.

REF: p. 306

BLM: Higher order

33. Dr. Boissoneau is a well-liked professor, and students always say that it is very easy to

remember his lectures. Dr. Boissoneau uses a lot of funny pictures to illustrate his points (like a picture of Napoleon being soaked by a bucket of water, when discussing the battle of Waterloo) and he creates all kinds of examples and metaphors when explaining theories or concepts (like comparing Marie Antoinette to Paris Hilton). What is it about Dr. Boissoneau that is most effective for helping students to remember his lectures so easily? a. Students don’t necessarily remember more of the lectures, but they find the lectures entertaining so they feel like they’re learning more. b. He uses examples to enhance elaborative coding, which is more complex than visual imagery and results in better recall. c. According to dual-coding theory, memory is enhanced by both visual and semantic codes, since either can lead to recall. d. He uses visual imagery, which is more salient than semantic elements like metaphors. ANS: C

PTS: 1

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BLM: Higher order

34. Which of the following statements about memory is proposed by dual-coding theory? a. It is composed of episodic and semantic codes. b. It is composed of declarative and procedural elements. c. It is enhanced by schematic and nonschematic elements. d. It is enhanced by forming either semantic or visual codes. ANS: D

PTS: 1

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BLM: Higher order

35. What is involved in self-referent encoding? a. forming two kinds of memory codes for each word b. linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding c. the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered d. making the material to be remembered personally meaningful ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 306

BLM: Remember

36. Whitney’s neighbours are surprised that she never forgets their anniversary, but their wedding

anniversary falls on the same day as Whitney’s birthday, so she finds it an easy date to remember. Which of the following is illustrated by Whitney’s easy recall of the anniversary date? a. spreading activation in a semantic network b. prospective memory processes c. semantic encoding d. self-referent encoding ANS: D

PTS: 1

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd.

REF: p. 306

BLM: Higher order

37. Several friends are arguing over the actual date of Will and Kate’s royal wedding. Some of

them think it was in May, several think it was in early April, and one student thinks it may have been in June. Seth confidently tells them it was on April 29th, because it was the same day that his daughter was born. Which of the following is illustrated by the example of Seth’s accurate recall? a. prospective memory processes b. semantic encoding c. self-referent encoding d. spreading activation in a semantic network ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 306

BLM: Higher order

Dylan is using his cellphone to text his friend some information about a party that they’re supposed to go to that evening. The address is 1812 Lakeshore Drive. Dylan remembers this address easily because it reminds him of his favourite piece of classical music: Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture. In fact, he hums his favourite part of that piece as he’s texting the address. Dylan is very engrossed in the task, and doesn’t notice most of the noise around him in the coffee shop. He hears his name called, however, and looks up to see a girl he knows walking toward him. He can’t remember her name, even though he knows he should know it. She asks him what he’s got planned for the evening, and he tells her about the party. She cringes, and says that she had been invited to the party as well, but had totally forgotten about it. Just then, Dylan remembers that her name is Mitzy. He remembers because when he met her, he thought she was a little ditzy and thought it was funny that her name rhymed with her demeanor! 38. What has Dylan engaged in when he links the address to his favourite classical piece? a. the method of loci b. constructive memory c. shallow processing d. self-referent encoding ANS: D

PTS: 1

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BLM: Higher order

39. When Dylan hears his name but not other noises around him, what does this suggest about the

role of attention in this particular situation? a. Because his task was relatively simple, he was able to continue monitoring his environment. b. Although he was preoccupied with texting, early-selection of relevant stimuli can still occur. c. He didn’t need to be paying attention in order for sensory memory to work. d. If he had been attending to his surroundings, he would not have been able to ignore the other noises in the coffee shop. ANS: A

PTS: 1

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd.

REF: p. 303

BLM: Higher order

40. What is the term for the type of memory that failed when Mitzy didn’t remember that she was

supposed to go to the party that night? a. declarative b. self-referent c. prospective d. proactive ANS: C

PTS: 1

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41. What is Dylan’s experience called when he can’t remember Mitzy’s name? a. cryptomnesia b. retroactive interference c. pseudoforgetting d. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon ANS: D

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BLM: Higher order

42. Why is Dylan able to remember Mitzy’s name after a while? a. Phonemic encoding is more durable than other forms of encoding. b. Her behaviour provided an appropriate retrieval cue. c. Pseudoforgetting is temporary. d. Re...