Chapter 07 - Testbank Answers PDF

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Chapter 07 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1.

According to the textbook, in the coping process any new event or change in the environment prompts the individual to make secondary appraisals of the significance of the event. True False

2.

Negative affectivity (or neuroticism) has been related to alcoholism, depression, and suicidal behaviour, but not poor health. True False

3.

External coping resources may include time, money, education, a decent job and the absence of other life stressors. True False

4.

Psychological resilience means being able to bounce back from stressful situations relatively quickly. True False

5.

Refusing to tolerate negative events is an important coping outcome. True False

6.

Coping efforts are considered successful when they reduce the arousal related to stress. True False

7.

Poor social relationships, and especially poor social integration, are major risk factors for death. True False

8.

Whereas social support is associated with physical and psychological well-being, research has failed to establish a relationship between social support and good health habits. True False

9.

Overall, research investigating the effectiveness of social support fails to support the matching hypothesis. True False

10. Ancillary skills of stress management include time management, good health habits, and social skills. True False 11. Moderators of the stress experience may have an impact on A. stress itself. B. the relationship between stress and illness. C. the relationship between stress and psychological responses. D. how much a stressful experience effects other aspects of a person's life. E. All of these answers are correct. 12. Coping can be thought of as A. the thoughts and behaviours used to manage internal and external demands of a situation appraised as stressful. B. a one-time transaction between a person and their environment. C. unaffected by the external resources available to an individual. D. a positive reaction to stress. E. unrelated to the personality of the individual.

13. Research on the effects of procrastination on health has found that A. the stress associated with procrastination is tied to more health problems B. the stress associated with procrastination is tied to fewer health-promoting behaviours C. procrastinating on going to the doctor is linked to more health problems D. procrastination is associated with engaging in health-compromising behaviours E. All of these answers are correct. 14. Current research suggests that perfectionism A. is associated with high stress. B. is associated with the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours. C. increases risk for mortality among older adults. D. is harmful for health regardless of what form it takes. E is associated with high stress, the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours, and increase the . risk of mortality among older adults. 15. The process of _______________ involves an individual's efforts to manage internal or external demands that tax his or her resources. A. primary appraisal B. secondary appraisal C. coping D. self-pacification E. meditation 16. The consideration of coping as a dynamic process implies that A. coping involves a wide range of actions and reactions to stress. B. coping efforts are moderated by personal resources. C. coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person continues to act on the environment. D.coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person and the environment are involved in a reciprocal interaction. E. coping is a particular action that can fluctuate depending on mood. 17. Negative affectivity A. may compromise overall health. B. can sometimes create a false impression of poor health when none exists. C. predicts risk for certain chronic health conditions over time. D. is directly linked to higher risk for mortality in old age. E. is impacted by gluten sensitivity. 18. Individuals who are high in negative affectivity A. are less likely to use health services. B. are more prone to have genetic markers linked to alcohol dependence. C. suppress symptoms of psychological distress and physical illness. D. are not prone to anxiety. E. have a decreased risk of suicide. 19. An individual with a pessimistic explanatory style is more likely to interpret negative events in terms of _______________ factors. A. external, unstable, specific B. external, stable, global C. internal, unstable, global D. internal, stable, global E. internal and unstable

20. Wilma has experienced increasing levels of stress due to her deteriorating test scores in psychology. She complains to her friend Betty, "I can't seem to get the hang of this stuff. I'm just not smart enough. I may have to drop out of the university." Betty replies, "You're smart enough, Wilma, but you're just not spending enough time studying." Betty is trying to change Wilma's attributions of A. internality. B. stability. C. globality. D. externality. E. All of these answers are correct. 21. A study of post-menopausal women conducted by O'Donovan and colleagues (2009) found that pessimistic explanatory style is associated with A. reduced cell-mediated immunity. B. higher rates of physical illness. C. increased use of health facilities. D. reduced energy levels. E. a lack of physical symptoms. 22. Brissette, Scheier, and Carver (2002) found that university students who were optimists coped more effectively with the transition to university because they were more likely to use _______________ as a coping strategy. A. denial B. distancing C. seeking social support D. accepting personal responsibility E. perception of social support 23. Treating oneself with kindness, feeling connected with humanity, and being mindfully aware of distressing experiences are qualities of one with A. optimism B. personal responsibility C. self-compassion D. gratitude E. perfectionism 24. The belief that one can determine one's own internal states and behaviour, influence one's environment, and/or bring about desired outcomes is A. optimism. B. perceived control. C. self-efficacy. D. hardiness. E. gratitude. 25. Psychological control has been related to A. emotional well-being. B. successful coping. C. improved immune functioning among children with asthma. D. increased self-efficacy. E. All of these answers are correct. 26. High self-esteem has been related to A. increased longevity. B. active coping strategies. C. reducing the harmful effects of high levels of stress. D. reducing the harmful effects of low levels of stress. E. genetic markers.

27. Research investigating the effectiveness of avoidant and approach coping strategies suggests that A. avoidant strategies are effective in dealing with long-term stressors. B. approach copers may exhibit short-term anxiety but cope well with long-term stressors. C. the use of approach coping styles may represent a risk factor for negative responses to stressors. D. both avoidant and approach strategies are equally effective in coping with stress. E. avoidance strategies are not effective for short-term stressors. 28. Emotion-focused efforts would be most effective in coping with the worry and stress due to A. having two final exams scheduled for the same day. B. waiting to hear if your application to graduate school has been accepted. C. receiving a notice that your taxes will be audited by the Canada Revenue Agency next week. D. knowing that you haven't saved enough money to pay your tuition, and it's due in two weeks. E. All of these answers are correct. 29. One of the most potent external resources with respect to health is A. a good social network. B. money. C. socio-economic status. D. genetic factors. E. optimism. 30. People who are higher in socio-economic status (SES) show A. lower morbidity for medical and psychiatric disorders. B. lower mortality from all causes of death. C. reduced neuroendocrine responses to stress. D. better access to social support systems in general. E. All of these are shown in people with a higher level SES. 31. Coping efforts center on A. maintaining a positive self-image. B. reducing harmful environmental conditions and enhancing the prospects of recovery. C. maintaining emotional equilibrium. D. continuing satisfying relationships with others. E. All of these answers are correct. 32. When a supportive companion is present during a stressful situation, research has shown a subdued HPA axis response in participants. This is thought to be due to: A. the release of oxytocin. B. the release of cortisol. C. an increased cardiovascular response. D. the release of exogenous opioids. E. a suppressed immune system. 33. Information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation is called A. coping. B. internal resources. C. social support. D. external resources. E. perceived control. 34. _______________ involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods. A. Visible support B. Tangible assistance C. Invisible support D. Monetary assistance E. Perceived social support

35. A patient with AIDS decides to enter therapy. He explains that the therapist helps him in ways his friends and family cannot. Specifically, his therapist helps him find ways to cope with the disorder and understand it. This is an example of A. personal control. B. informational support. C. tangible assistance. D. emotional support. E. external assistance. 36. The assurance that one is a valuable individual who is cared for is A. emotional support. B. tangible assistance. C. visible support. D. instrumental support. E. invisible support. 37. Invisible social support A. is support provided to you without you being aware of it. B. is the perception that when you need social support it will be available. C. often produces a sense of guilt. D. uses others' time and resources. E. leads to a sense of obligation to support others. 38. Implicit social support A. includes simply knowing that you have a social network that you can rely upon if there were a stressful event. B. originates from implicit social networks without being directly targeted at a specific problem. C. is associated with more psychological and biological benefits for Asian Americans compared to explicit social support. D. is receiving support from that network without actively having to seek out that support. E. All of these are related to implicit social support. 39. Social support has beneficial effects on the A. cardiovascular system. B. endocrine system. C. immune system. D. psychological distress of the individual. E. All of these answers are correct. 40. According to the buffering hypothesis, A. the more resources an individual has, the better he or she is able to cope with stress. B. individual resources augment one's ability to cope with high or low levels of stress. C. individual resources improve a person's ability to cope with only moderate levels of stress. D.individual resources have little effect on coping with low levels of stress but become important at high levels of stress. E.the more space an individual places between himself or herself and the situation, the better he or she is able to cope with stress. 41. An important variable in understanding the mechanism by which stress is moderated by social support appears to be the manner in which social support is assessed. When social support has been measured in terms of social integration, _______________ have been found. When subjective levels of social support have been assessed, however, _______________ have been found. A. direct effects; few effects B. buffering effects; few effects C. buffering effects; direct effects D. direct effects; buffering effects E. few effects; direct effects

42. According to research on gender, marriage, and social support, A. support from a partner, usually a spouse, is very protective of health for men. B. women's health is only slightly benefited by marriage. C. being in an unsatisfying marriage confers health risks. D. exiting a marriage entails health risks. E. All of these statements relating to marriage and health are true. 43. The interplay of the stress experienced and expressed by one partner and the coping reactions of the other, is referred to as A. the matching hypothesis. B. dyadic coping. C. implicit social support. D. the coping response. E. invisible coping support. 44. The idea that the effectiveness of social support is determined by the ability of an individual's social network to provide the particular types of assistance needed in times of stress is the A. direct effects hypothesis. B. buffering hypothesis. C. matching hypothesis. D. empathetic understanding. E. dyadic hypothesis. 45. According to Repetti et al., (2002), social support from one's parents in early life _______________ in later life. A. leads to more passive coping B. is related to better health C. is related to poorer health D. is not related to health E. is related to socioeconomic status 46. Mindfulness-based stress reduction A. is based on the practice of mindfulness of moment or moment awareness. B.is associated with a significant reduction in cortisol levels, blood pressure, and pro- inflammatory cytokines among cancer patients. C. is linked to initial improvements in stress levels that are not maintained one year later. D. has a high incidence of failure. E. produces no physical results and only treats the psychological symptoms of stress. 47. According to studies by Li and Ferraro (2005) and C. Schwartz, Meisenhelder, Ma, and Reed (2003), evidence suggests that on the whole, people who provide support to others A. suffer from poor health. B. enjoy better health overall. C. have a higher level of self-esteem. D. receive physiological benefits but suffer in regards to their mental health. E. have a lower level of self-esteem. 48. Researchers investigating disclosure have found that subjects who freely express their feelings about traumatic events A. show increased levels of physiological arousal. B. have difficulty maintaining adequate levels of social support. C. are no longer upset about the events after expressing themselves. D. are less likely to have subsequent health problems. E. All of these answers are correct.

49. Research indicates that exercise may be a useful resource for combating the adverse effects of stress. Your text suggests this may be because exercise A. appears to suppress the immune system. B. appears to modulate immune activity during stress. C. decreases exogenous opioids. D. always increases cognitive processes. E. increases endorphin levels, thus masking the effects of stress. 50. Stress management programs A. are best conducted on an individual basis by a licensed psychotherapist. B. are effective in relieving psychological distress but are seldom used in the treatment of stress-related illnesses. C. may be beneficial in controlling stress-related disorders and reducing risk factors associated with coronary heart disease. D may be beneficial in controlling stress-related disorders and psychological distress, but have not yet . been proven to be cost effective. E. are best conducted in a support group environment, led by a licensed psychotherapist. 51. Relaxation training therapies include A. reduces physiological arousal. B. allows the person to return to pre-stress activities (when appropriate). C. reduces psychological distress. D. progressive muscle relaxation training, yoga and hypnosis among other techniques. E. All of these are included in relaxation training therapies. 52. Stress management programs typically involve _______________ phases. A. two B. three C. four D. five E. six 53. Sarah is taking a stress management class. Her instructor provides a variety of ways Sarah can combat her stress. Sarah is instructed to try several of these techniques in order to discover the skills that work best for her. The instructor is using _______________ training. A. positive self-talk B. relaxation C. time management D. stress inoculation E. inoculation management 54. Relaxation training is designed to A. provide cognitive insights into the nature and control of stress. B. reduce the physiological arousal associated with stress. C. mitigate the effect of stress carriers. D. train individuals not to overcommit. E. reduce negative dyadic support interactions. 55. Individuals that cause you special stress are A. stress carriers. B. not important to you. C. easily ignored. D. stress aggregators. E. not to be confronted.

56. Explain what is meant by the term stress moderator. Identify three psychological variables and three social variables that have been found to moderate stress. Citing research from the text, explain the relationship between these variables and the experience of stress.

57. Explain how individual differences in personality are related to coping, and in turn health.

58. Explain how coping styles and coping strategies moderate the experience of stress. Citing research from the text, evaluate the effectiveness of each in terms of the type of stressor with which a person might be faced.

59. What is social support? What are the benefits of having a sufficient amount of social support? What are the costs of being in a dense social network?

60. Your dormitory suitemate is suffering from stress due to final exams. Using the techniques described in the text, design a simple stress management program. Explain the function of each component and why it should be included in the program.

Chapter 07 Key 1.

According to the textbook, in the coping process any new event or change in the environment prompts the individual to make secondary appraisals of the significance of the event. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor - Chapter 07 #1

2.

Negative affectivity (or neuroticism) has been related to alcoholism, depression, and suicidal behaviour, but not poor health. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-01 Describe and define coping Taylor - Chapter 07 #2

3.

External coping resources may include time, money, education, a decent job and the absence of other life stressors. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-02 Know the role of external coping resources Taylor - Chapter 07 #3

4.

Psychological resilience means being able to bounce back from stressful situations relatively quickly. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-02 Know the role of external coping resources Taylor - Chapter 07 #4

5.

Refusing to tolerate negative events is an important coping outcome. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-03 List coping outcomes Taylor - Chapter 07 #5

6.

Coping efforts are considered successful when they reduce the arousal related to stress. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-03 List coping outcomes Taylor - Chapter 07 #6

7.

Poor social relationships, and especially poor social integration, are major risk factors for death. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-04 Explain how social support affects stress Taylor - Chapter 07 #7

8.

Whereas social support is associated with physical and psychological well-being, research has failed to establish a relationship between social support and good health habits. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-04 Explain how social support affects stress Taylor - Chapter 07 #8

9.

Overall, research investigating the effectiveness of social support fails to support the matching hypothesis. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective: 07-04 Explain how social support affects stress Taylor - Chapter 07 #9

10.

Ancillary skills of stress management i...