Chapter 1 - Summary Human Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Preview

Summary

Textbook notes...

Description

Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 pg 41-70

the study of the body’s functions, how they work synchronously to maintain a stable internal environment How to Learn o Visual/Verbal- learners do best when reading notes and looking at pictures o Visual/Nonverbal- learns best using pictures without text o Auditory/Verbal- learns best when listening and discussing o Tactile/Kinesthetic- learns best when can physically manipulate a specimen - Study using the SQ3R method- survey, question, read, recite, review o Survey- skim chapter and beginning of sections and key terms, then read the chapter summary o Question- Make up questions about the chapter, or look at learning outcomes on the first page of section o Read- actively read, take notes, make diagrams, ask questions o Recite- read it aloud, especially foreign sounding words o Review- answer quiz questions, write summaries, discuss - Manage and Schedule your study time - Use the in-chapter questions provided (flashback questions, quick check questions, apply what you learned, assess what you learned) - Especially in this course, study the figures/pictures as much as the text - Identify the concept the figure teaches first, then break the figure down into parts, then examine as a whole Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

The Characteristics of Living Organisms - Cellular composition - Metabolism- processes that either build or break down chemicals - Growth- increase in cells or size of cells Introduction to - Excretion- separate wastes and remove them Anatomy and - Responsiveness (or irritability)- reacting to stimuli Physiology - Movement- inside and between cells - Human - Reproduction- individual cells reproduce within the Anatomy is the organism, and the organism itself reproduces study of the structure or form of the human body - Human physiology is How to study for class, how to identify a living organism

Identify the 11 organ systems (self-quiz)

-

Pg 50-51 ->

Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems - (Smallest) Chemicalatoms and molecules - Cellular

Tissue- consists of cells and the extracellular matrix (surrounds cells) Organ- Two or more tissues combine to form organs Organ system- a group of organs that carry out a specific function o Integumentary (hair, skin, nails)  Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, involved in vitamin D synthesis, prevents desiccation (extreme dryness), heat loss, and pathogen entry, and is the site of pain and pressure receptors o Skeletal (bones and joints)  206 bones, protects and supports body organs, provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement, Hemopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells), mineral storage- bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium o Muscular (muscles)  600+ muscles, locomotion, maintaining posture, thermogenesis (generation of heat) o Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves)  Fast acting control system of the body, monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding by initiating muscular or glandular activity o Endocrine (pancreas, glands, ovaries/testes)  Long term control system of the body, regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things  Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart o Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels)  Heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, blood provides the transport medium for nutrients, gases, wastes, signal molecules, and heat o Lymphatic (Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, etc.)  Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream, disposal of debris, attacking and resisting foreign invaders o Respiratory system (lungs, trachea, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchi)

-



n, and removes carbon dioxide, regulates blood pH o Digestive System (intestines, stomach, liver, pancreas, oral cavity, esophagus, rectum, salivary glands, gallbladder)  Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the body for distribution to the body’s cells o Urinary System (kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra)  Removal of nitrogenous wastes, regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity o Reproductive system (etc.)  Production of offspring  Male: Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis  Female: Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands Organism- everything together Body Weight o 44%- Muscles o 20%- Bones o 16%- Integumentary system o 0.15%- reproductive and endocrine systems

Types of Anatomy and Physiology - Systematic anatomy- examination of human body by individual organ systems - Regional anatomy- body is divided into regions (e.g. back, neck) - Surface anatomy- surface markings on body o Gross Anatomy- examines structures that can be seen by eye (e.g. organs) o Microscopic anatomy- needs aid of microscope (e.g. histology, study of tissues, and cytology, study of cells) - Physiological specializations are classified by organs/organ systems (e.g. cardiovascular physiology = heart + blood vessels)

Co nst ant The Language of Anatomy and Physiology ly - Directional Terms- relative locations of body parts sup o Anterior/Ventral- Front pli o Posterior/Dorsal- Back es o Superior/Cranial- toward the head the o Inferior/Caudal- towards the tail blo o Proximal- closer to the point of origin (approximate) od o Distal- farther from the point of origin wit h oxy ge

o o o o

ximal to the elbow, the wrist is distal to the elbow Medial- closer to the midline running down a person Lateral- farther from the body’s midline Superficial- closer to the surface Deep- deeper in the body

Regional Terms - Axial- head, neck, trunk - Appendicular- upper and lower limbs - Each region can be divided into smaller regions. Can be named as nouns (brachium = arm, crus=shin, thorax=trunk) or adjectives with the addition of -al or -ic (brachial region, crural region, thoracic region) Planes of Section - Sagittal plane- divides body into left and right sections o Midsagittal plane/Median plane- divides into equal left and right parts o Parasagittal plane- divides body into unequal left and right sections - Frontal plane/coronal plane- divides into anterior and posterior - Transverse plane/horizontal plane/cross section- divides body into superior and inferior parts/proximal and distal o Oblique planes are taken at an angle (such as when observing a knee joint), but isn’t used commonly o Also, planes of section are NOT directional terms and should not be used as a way to identify location



The Organization of the Human Body - A cavity is any fluid filled space in the body - Two major cavities are the dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity - The Dorsal Body Cavity o Two subcavities- the cranial cavity, in the skull and protects the brain, and the vertebral (spinal) cavity, which E.g protects the spinal cord . - The Ventral Body Cavity Th o The cavity superior to e the diaphragm is the sho Thoracic Cavity uld er is pro

round each lung, located within serous membranes  Mediastinum houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, and great blood vessels, not located within a serous membrane  Pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, located within a serous membrane o The cavity inferior to the diaphragm is the Abdominopelvic Cavity  Abdominal Cavity, which is from the diaphragm to bony pelvis. Contains digestive, lymphatic, and urinary system.  Pelvic cavity, which is the area within the pelvis. Contains reproductive, digestive, and urinary systems.  Can be divided into four quadrants or nine regions

Pg 61

What is a negative feedback loop? -

Relationship between intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid (outside of cell) maintains homeostasis



Serous Membranes o Appear to be two membranes, but is actually one folded over itself o Layer of fluid inside is serous fluid o Inner layer is visceral layer, outer layer is parietal layer o Three main serous membranes:  Pleural membrane- around the lungs  Pericardial membranesaround the heart  Peritoneal membranes- around abdominal organs

Rig Core Principles in Anatomy and Physiology ht - Homeostasis has four related principles: feedback loops, the an relationship of structure and function, gradients, and celld cell communication left ple Core Principle One: Feedback Loops are a Key Mechanism used to ura Maintain Homeostasis l - Feedback loops- a change in a regulated variable causes cav effects that feed back and affect the same variable- lead up itie to an output s sur

-

Chapter Summarypg 68

-

Negative Feedback Loops o When a change in a regulated variable in one direction results in actions that cause changes in the variable in the opposite direction (the effector activity opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to normal range) o How it works: when a regulated variable is outside it’s normal range, the stimulus is picked up by a receptor (or sensor), which sends this info to a control center (brain or gland), which then sends signals to effectors (cells or organs) that cause physiological responses that return the variable to normal range, no longer causing a stimulus Positive Feedback Loops o The effector’s activity increases- positive feedback reinforces the initial stimulus using a loop of increasing output that amplifies the response o E.g. when you get a cut, you lose blood. Platelets act as both control center and effectors, releasing chemicals to attract more platelets to plug the wound, which attract more, amplifying the effect, until the response is complete

Core Principle Two: Structure and Function are Related at All Levels of Organization - Principle of complementarity of structure and function- e.g. blood vessels are hollow tubes, so they can transport blood; lung tissue is very thin, so it can diffuse oxygen Core Principle Three: Gradient Drive Many Physiological Processes - A gradient is present any time more of something exists in one area than another and the two areas are connected o Temperature gradient o Concentration Gradient o Pressure Gradient

o Can be negative (reducing output) or positive (increasi ng output)

Core Principle Four: Cell-Cell Communication is Required to Coordinate Body Functions - Some communication comes in the form of electrical signals or chemical messengers, which can be sent directly from one cell onto another cell or into the fluid surrounding a cell, or through blood...