Chapter 10 Perceiving Depth and Size PDF

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size Multiple Choice 1. Merrill watches his finger with both eyes as he brings it closer to his nose. As the finger gets closer, his eyes move inward and he feels his eye muscles working. Which depth cue(s) is/are associated with the changes made in the shape of the lens as he brings objects into focus? a. accommodation and convergence b. convergence and accretion c. accretion d. stereopsis ANSWER: a 2. Of the oculomotor depth cues, convergence is _____ than accommodation. a. less effective b. more effective c. equally effective d. less automatic ANSWER: b 3. What depth cue could be classified as a binocular cue and an oculomotor cue? a. accommodatio n b. accretion c. stereopsis d. convergence ANSWER: d 4. When your professor stands behind a podium, you perceive your professor as being further away than the podium because the podium blocks the vision of the professor’s body. This is an example of which depth cue? a. relative height b. convergence c. occlusion d. accommodatio n ANSWER: c 5. Several years ago, Bryce, a devoted fan of the Houston Rockets basketball team who had gone to many games in person, saw the player Yao Ming (who is 7’6” tall) standing next to his coach Jeff VanGundy (who is less than 6 feet tall). Bryce still remembers that she correctly perceived the two men as being the same distance away from her. Which depth cue most influenced her perception? a. relative height b. relative size c. familiar size Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size d. accretion ANSWER: c 6. Vinod is standing on a rooftop in a city. The buildings closer to him look sharper, and the buildings in the distance look hazier. This is an example of which depth cue? a. atmospheric perspective b. occlusion c. relative size d. shadowing ANSWER: a 7. Epstein (1965) presented observers photographs of a quarter, dime, and half-dollar that were all equal in physical size. His results showed that _____. a. familiar size is most effective when other information about depth is absent b. familiar size is most effective when the observer has both eyes open c. the quarter was judged to be closer than the dime, when viewed monocularly d. accommodation is a stronger cue than any pictorial depth cue ANSWER: a 8. As Tyler looks down a railroad track, he perceives the sides of the tracks as becoming closer as the distance increases. This is an example of _____. a. atmospheric perspective b. familiar size c. perspective convergence d. motion parallax ANSWER: c 9. Motion parallax _____. a. is widely used to create depth in cartoons and video games b. is an important depth cue for amphibians, but not mammals c. occurs when near objects are perceived as moving slower than distant objects d. has not proven to be an effective cue for robot vision ANSWER: a 10. Deletion and accretion are _____. a. especially effective when viewing non-moving displays b. only important when both eyes are open c. effective for detecting depth when moving sideways d. ineffective for judging depth in natural environments ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size 11. Which depth cue is effective both from 0-2 meters and above 20 meters? a. atmospheric perspective b. occlusion c. accommodation d. convergence ANSWER: b 12. _____ is defined as depth perception created by input from both eyes. a. Binocular integration b. Convergent depth perception c. Stereoscopic depth perception d. Viewpoint dependent depth ANSWER: c 13. _____ is a term used to describe conditions in which movements between the two eyes are not coordinated. a. Strabismus b. Macular degeneration c. Ciliary disjunctive disorder d. Oculomotor instability ANSWER: a 14. Individuals with “walleye” or other conditions in which the eyes are misaligned have difficulty with depth perception because _____. a. the cortex receives messages from both eyes, making it difficult to attend to one visual stimulus b. the visual system suppresses vision in one eye in order to avoid having the experience of double vision c. the misaligned eye movements are “jittery” making it difficult to form a stable perception d. they are unable to use any picture depth cues ANSWER: b 15. The imaginary plane in which all objects project to corresponding points in the left and right retina is _____. a. the horopter b. the univariance plane c. the constancy arc d. the binocular area ANSWER: a 16. _____ is the difference in the images in the two eyes; _____ is the impression of depth that results from this information. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size a. Deletion; accretion b. Accretion; deletion c. Binocular disparity; convergence d. Binocular disparity; stereopsis ANSWER: d 17. A stereoscope provides the illusion of depth in 2-D images by _____. a. rapidly alternating between two images b. presenting an image to each eye at different distances from the retina c. presenting an image to each eye that are from slightly different perspectives d. presenting an image to each eye that have different polarization filters in place ANSWER: c 18. The depth cue that is responsible for perceiving depth in “3-D” movies is _____. a. motion parallax b. accommodation c. binocular disparity d. relative height ANSWER: c 19. When you put your 3-D glasses on at a movie, the lenses separate the two overlapping images so that each eye only receives one of the images. Today, the image separation is most often achieved by using _____ light. a. disparate b. alternativesource c. displaced d. polarized ANSWER: d 20. The importance of _____ is that these stimuli rely solely on binocular disparity to provide the impression of depth. a. lenticular projections b. stereographic photographs c. gradient patterns d. random dot stereograms ANSWER: d 21. The correspondence problem is best demonstrated by _____. a. random-dot stereograms b. polarized 3-D images c. Emmert’s law d. disparity parallax Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size ANSWER: a 22. Blake and Hirsch (1975) use selective rearing of kittens to show that _____. a. kittens are born with fully developed binocular cells b. binocular neurons are not necessary for stereopsis c. disparity-selective neurons are responsible for stereopsis d. severing the optic chiasm increases the number of binocular cells ANSWER: c 23. When Uka and DeAngelis microstimulated disparity-selective neurons in a monkey, the monkey made a behavioral depth response based on the _____. a. angle of disparity on the retina b. tuning curve of the stimulated neurons c. orientation of the stimulus d. location of the horopter ANSWER: b 24. The anecdote in the book of the pilot misjudging the size of an object on the ground in whiteout conditions is most closely related to which research study? a. Holway and Boring’s (1941) “hallway” study b. Blake and Hirsch’s (1975) “selective rearing of kittens” study c. Julesz’s (1971) “random-dot stereogram” study d. DeLucia and Hochberg’s (1985) “dumbbell Muller-Lyer” study ANSWER: a 25. The approximate visual angle of the width of your thumb held at arm’s length is _____ degrees. a. 0.5 b. 2.0 c. 4.7 d. 11.5 ANSWER: b 26. Holway and Boring found that size constancy _____. a. holds under all viewing conditions b. is inconsistent with visual angles in humans c. is more likely to occur if you have more depth cues d. does not occur under binocular viewing conditions ANSWER: c 27. The size-distance scaling equation is S = K(R x D). The “S” in the equation stands for _____. a. stimulus intensity Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size b. an object’s perceived size c. an object’s physical size d. an object’s physical shape ANSWER: b 28. The size-distance scaling equation explains Emmert’s Law because _____. a. retinal size is constant as perceived distance changes b. retinal size changes as perceived distance remains constant c. perceived size remains constant as retinal size changes d. perceived size changes as the color of the afterimage changes ANSWER: a 29. Myranda looks at a photograph of a truck. Which statement best describes how she will perceive this photograph? a. She will always perceive a photograph of a real truck as being a real truck. b. She will always perceive a photograph of a toy truck as being a toy truck. c. She will perceive the toy truck as a toy truck if depth cues are eliminated. d. Her perception of the size will depend on the known size of nearby objects. ANSWER: d 30. If you hold one quarter about 12 inches from your eyes, and another quarter at arm’s length, the two quarters will be perceived to be about the same size when _____. a. both eyes are open b. only the left eye is open c. only the right eye is open d. viewed either binocularly or monocularly ANSWER: a 31. According to Gregory’s misapplied size constancy scaling hypothesis, we perceive the “arrows pointing out” version of the Muller-Lyer illusion as _____. a. longer, because it is perceived as being further away b. longer, because it is perceived as being closer c. shorter, because it is perceived as further away d. shorter, because it is perceived as being closer ANSWER: d 32. Gregory’s misapplied size constancy scaling explanation of the Müller-Lyer illusion _____. a. has difficulty in explaining the “dumbbell” version of the illusion b. can easily explain three-dimensional versions of the illusion c. is incompatible with the size-distance scaling equation d. has been unchallenged as the only viable explanation of the illusion Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size ANSWER: a 33. According to Day’s “conflicting cues theory”, the perception of vertical line lengths depends on _____. a. the actual length of the lines and the relative size of nearby objects b. the overall length of the figure and the amount of texture gradient c. the amount of texture gradient and the relative size of nearby objects d. the actual length of the lines and the overall length of the figure ANSWER: d 34. The depth cue of ____ is the most important in the Ponzo (railroad track) illusion. a. perspective convergence b. accommodation c. stereopsis d. motion parallax ANSWER: a 35. The key to the Ames Room illusion is that _____. a. the room is constructed to look rectangular to the observer but it is not b. the room is constructed of rectangular walls, but does not look that way c. people of a wide range of physical heights are put in the room d. all depth cues except binocular disparity are eliminated ANSWER: a 36. The size-distance scaling equation explains the Ames Room illusion because _____. a. we perceive the two people in the room to be the same size because the size of the image on the retina is the same b.we perceive the two people in the room to be of different sizes even though the size of the image on the retina is the same c. we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at different distances away d.we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at the same distance away and their retinal image size is different ANSWER: d 37. A major assumption of the apparent-distance theory of the moon illusion is that the sky overhead _____. a. appears to be further away than the horizon because of the lack of the depth cue of atmospheric perspective b. appears to be further away than the horizon because of the depth cue of stereopsis c. appears to be closer than the horizon because of the lack of depth cues d. appears to be closer than the horizon because of the depth cue of accommodation ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size 38. According to the _____ theory of the moon illusion, the overhead moon appears smaller when it is surrounded by a large amount of sky. a. ocular dominance b. stimulus deprivation c. angular sizecontrast d. apparent-distance ANSWER: c 39. A ________ is able to make use of binocular disparity because it has ____ eyes. a. rabbit; frontal b. rabbit; lateral c. cat; frontal d. monkey; lateral ANSWER: c 40. Bats are able to determine depth by using _____. a. echolocation b. stereopsis c. movement parallax d. collocation ANSWER: a 41. An insect is most likely to use _____ to perceive depth. a. atmospheric perspective b. movement parallax c. size information d. binocular disparity ANSWER: b 42. The ability to use binocular disparity as a depth cue _____. a. develops after using overlap as a depth cue b. occurs before binocular fixation develops c. develops after using familiar size as a depth cue d. can be tested using random dot stereograms ANSWER: d 43. Fox et al. (1980) found that the ability to use binocular disparity develops between _____. a. 1 to 2 months b. 2 ½ to 3 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size months c. 3 ½ to 6 months d. 10 to 11 months ANSWER: c 44. In their study on infant use of familiar size as depth cue, Granrud et al. used _____ as the stimuli, and _____ as the dependent measure. a. objects of different sizes; reaching b. photographs of fruit bowls; sucking rate c. mobiles; eye movements d. photographs of stuffed animals; eye movements ANSWER: a 45. Ambrozia is a four-month-old infant. Which depth cue is she most likely able to use? a. familiar size b. shadows c. linear perspective d. binocular disparity ANSWER: d Essay 46. Name, define, and give an example (in words and/or drawings) of six pictorial depth cues. ANSWER Occlusion occurs when one object hides or partially hides another from view. The : partially hidden object is seen as being farther away. The height in the frame of the photo corresponds to the height in our field of view, and objects that are higher in the field of view are usually farther away. We use the cue of familiar size when we judge distance based on our prior knowledge of the sizes of objects. When you look down parallel railroad tracks that appear to converge in the distance, you are experiencing perspective convergence. Atmospheric perspective occurs because the farther away an object is, the more air and particles (dust, water droplets, airborne pollution) we have to look through, so that distant objects appear less sharp than nearer objects and often have a slight blue tint. When several similar objects are equally spaced throughout a scene, they produce a perception of texture when viewed in depth, with farther elements seen as being spaced more closely. Shadows: Decreases in light intensity caused by the blockage of light - can provide information regarding the locations of these objects. 47. Suppose you watch a “3-D” movie (using red/blue “3-D glasses”) with your friends. After the movie, a friend asks “Why do we see such depth in this movie?” Summarize how you would answer this question. ANSWER When you put your 3-D glasses on, the lenses separate the two overlapping images so : that each eye only receives one of the images. This image separation can be achieved in several ways, but the most common method in movie theaters today uses polarized Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size light - light waves that vibrate in only one orientation. One image is polarized so its vibration is vertical and the other is polarized so its vibration is horizontal. The glasses you wear have polarized lenses that let only vertically polarized light into one eye and horizontally polarized light into the other eye. Thus, sending these two different views to two different eyes duplicates what happens in the real 3-D world, and suddenly some objects appear to be recessed behind the screen while others appear to jut far out in front of it. 48. Discuss motion-based depth perception cues. ANSWER Motion parallax occurs when, as we move, nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past : us, but more distant objects appear to move more slowly. Thus, when you look out the side window of a moving car or train, nearby objects appear to speed by in a blur, whereas objects that are farther away may appear to be moving only slightly. As an observer moves sideways, some things become covered, and others become uncovered. Deletion and accretion occur all the time as we move through the environment and create information that the object or surface being covered and uncovered is farther away. Covering of a further away object is called deletion, while its uncovering is called accretion. 49. Discuss the method, results, and implications of the Holway and Boring (1941) “hallway” experiment. ANSWER Observers in Holway and Boring’s experiment sat at the intersection of two hallways : and saw a luminous test circle when looking down the right hallway and a luminous comparison circle when looking down the left hallway. The comparison circle was always 10 feet from the observer, but the test circles were presented at distances ranging from 10 feet to 120 feet. An important property of the fixed-in-place comparison circle was that its size could be adjusted. The observer’s task on each trial was to adjust the diameter of the comparison circle in the left corridor to match his or her perception of the sizes of the various test circles presented in the right corridor. An important feature of the test stimuli in the right corridor was that they all cast exactly the same-sized image on the retina. The idea that objects with different sizes can have the same visual angle was used in the creation of the test circles in Holway and Boring’s experiment. Because objects with the same visual angle create the same-sized image on the retina, all of the test circles had the same-sized image on the observers’ retinas, no matter where in the hallway they were located. In the first part of Holway and Boring’s experiment, many depth cues were available, including binocular disparity, motion parallax, and shading, so the observer could easily judge the distance of the test circles. The results showed that when the observers viewed a large test circle that was located far away, they made the comparison circle large; when they viewed a small test circle that was located nearby, they made the comparison circle small. Thus, when good depth cues were present, the observer’s judgments of the size of the circles matched the physical sizes of the circles. Holway and Boring then determined how eliminating depth information would affect the observer’s judgments of size. They did this by having the observer view the test circles with one eye, which eliminated binocular disparity; then by having the observer view the test circles through a peephole, which eliminated motion parallax; and finally by adding drapes to the hallway to eliminate shadows and reflections. Each time some Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size depth information was eliminated, the observer’s judgments of the sizes of the test circles became less accurate. When all depth information was eliminated, the observer’s perception of size was determined not by the actual size of the test circles but by the relative sizes of the circle’s images on the observer’s retinas. 50. (a) How are random-dot stereograms created? (b) What is the importance of random-dot stereograms? (c) H...