Chapter 10 quiz PDF

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TRUE/FALSE 1 : Nonexperimental research typically involves looking at differences between preexisting groups or at changes that occur over time. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 2 : Nonexperimental studies always contain a threat to internal validity, which means that these studies cannot establish unambiguous cause-and-effect relationships. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 3 : Quasi-experimental studies attempt to minimize threats to validity but nonexperimental studies make little or no attempt. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 4 : The nonexperimental research strategy makes little to no effort to control threats to internal validity. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 5 : History effects occur in nonequivalent group designs because the groups probably have different participant characteristics. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 6 : Differential research is an example of the quasi-experimental research strategy. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 7 : A research study that compared married men, divorced men, and single adult men is an example of the differential research design. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 8 : The posttest-only nonequivalent control group design comes close to being a true experiment and is therefore is a quasi-experimental design. 1 / 12

A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 9 : The Pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design reduces the threat of individual differences and limits time-related threats and therefore is a quasi-experimental design. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 10 : One group is measured before and after a treatment in a typical Pre-post study. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 11 : The internal validity of the Pre-post designs is threatened by threats related to time. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 12 : In a Pretest-posttest design, a researcher makes multiple observations before and after the introduction of a treatment. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 13 : A Pretest-posttest study is an example of a nonequivalent groups design. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 14 : The time-series design is an example of the quasi-experimental research strategy. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 15 : A researcher in Mississippi measured visits to the school counselor for a group of students for three weeks in the spring. In the fall, immediately after a major hurricane, the researcher again measured the students counselor visits to see if there had been any change. This researcher is using an interrupted time-series design. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 16 : A differential research design comes closer to being a true experiment that other similar 2 / 12

designs. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 17 : A cross-sectional design comparing three different ages would require three separate groups of participants. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 18 : The changes that occur as a person ages from child to adult to elderly are called cohort effects. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 19 : If a study generates non-numerical data, a chi-square test for independence should be used for analysis. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 20 : In a cross-sectional developmental study, age would be the quasi-independent variable. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A

MULTIPLE CHOICE 21 : In nonexperimental and quasi-experimental studies, different groups or conditions are defined in terms of ____. A : independent variables B : dependent variables C : preexisting participant variables or time D : treatment conditions Correct Answer : C 22 : Which study illustrates a nonexperimental study? A : A study comparing self-esteem scores for children with a learning disability versus scores for children without a learning disability B : A study comparing depression scores for one group that is assigned to receive a therapy versus another group that is assigned not to receive a therapy C : A study comparing performance in a room where the walls have been painted yellow versus performance in a room painted blue 3 / 12

D : A study comparing cognitive functioning scores for one group of Alzheimers patients who are assigned to receive memory therapy versus another group that is assigned not to receive therapy Correct Answer : A 23 : Although nonexperiments resemble true experiments, they contain ____ and cannot ____. A : threats to internal validity; generalize to other situations B : threats to external validity; generalize to other situations C : threats to internal validity; establish causal relationships D : threats to external validity; establish causal relationships Correct Answer : C 24 : A researcher compares preexisting groups of individuals in which type of study? A : Between-subjects experiment B : Within-subjects experiment C : Nonequivalent group design D : Pre-post design Correct Answer : C 25 : The researcher is least likely to randomly assign individuals to treatment groups in which type of study? A : Between-subjects experiment B : Within-subjects experiment C : Nonequivalent group design D : Pre-post design Correct Answer : C 26 : The concept of nonequivalent groups means ____. A : the researcher cannot control which people go into each group and cannot ensure that the groups are equivalent B : the two groups have completely different characteristics C : the researcher has randomly assigned people to groups so there is no guarantee that the groups are equal D : the number of participants is different from one group to another Correct Answer : A 27 : A researcher introduces a new phonics program in one preschool and uses a neighboring preschool as a no-treatment control group. After the program is in place for one academic year, the researcher intends to evaluate the reading skills of the students in both preschools and then compare their scores. This research cannot be classified as a true experiment because ____. A : the treatment is administered to only one group B : there is no pretest to determine mathematics ability before the program C : the researcher does not control the assignment of participants to groups D : it is not conducted in a laboratory Correct Answer : C 28 : Which threat to internal validity occurs in any study with nonequivalent groups and prevents 4 / 12

researchers from making conclusive claims about causality? A : Order effects B : Instrumentation effects C : Regression toward the mean D : Individual differences Correct Answer : D 29 : A problem with nonequivalent group designs is that any differences found could be explained by differences in ____. A : participant characteristics B : history C : fatigue D : practice Correct Answer : A 30 : Which statement accurately describes what is evaluated by differential research? A : Differences between treatment conditions using the same group of participants in all treatments B : Differences between treatment conditions using a separate group of participants for each treatment C : Differences in scores before versus after a treatment D : Differences in scores between preexisting groups of participants Correct Answer : D 31 : Which research design is being used by a researcher comparing job satisfaction scores for adults with college degrees versus scores for adults without college degrees? A : Differential research design B : Pretest-only nonequivalent control group design C : Pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design D : Time-series design Correct Answer : A 32 : A differential research design is an example of a ____. A : nonequivalent group design B : experimental group design C : time-series design D : Pretest-posttest design Correct Answer : A 33 : Last fall, a state college introduced a one-week study skills course for new freshmen students. At the end of the academic year, the college compared the grades and dropout rate for their freshmen with the corresponding measurements for freshmen at a neighboring state college. This study is an example of a ____. A : posttest-only nonequivalent control group design B : Pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design C : differential research design D : time-series design 5 / 12

Correct Answer : A 34 : A researcher introduces a new exercise program in the psychiatric ward of one hospital and uses the psychiatric ward at another hospital as a no-treatment control group. Before the program begins, the depressed patients in both hospitals are evaluated for their level of depression. After the program is in place for six months, the patients are evaluated again and the researcher compares the before and after scores for the two groups. This research study is classified as ____. A : correlational B : experimental C : quasi-experimental D : nonexperimental Correct Answer : C 35 : What is one of the primary advantages of a Pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design, in comparison to other nonequivalent group designs? A : Posttest scores can help reduce threats from history effects. B : Posttest scores can eliminate threats from history effects. C : Pretest scores can help reduce the threat to internal validity that comes from individual differences. D : Pretest scores can eliminate the threat to internal validity that comes from individual differences. Correct Answer : C 36 : Differential history effects are a threat to internal validity for which of the following designs? A : Differential research design B : One-group Pretest-posttest design C : Pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design D : Longitudinal design Correct Answer : C 37 : A researcher comparing depression scores before and after treatment in one group of clients, is using a(n) ____. A : Pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design B : differential research design C : Pre-post design D : posttest-only nonequivalent control group design Correct Answer : C 38 : The goal of the Pre-post design is to examine the effects of treatment by measuring ____. A : two groups before and after a treatment B : two groups after a treatment C : one group after a treatment D : one group before and after a treatment Correct Answer : D 39 : Which threat to internal validity is of particular concern to Pre-post designs? A : Diffusion 6 / 12

B : Individual differences C : Maturation D : Differential attrition Correct Answer : C 40 : Pre-post designs are threatened by ____. A : factors related to the passage of time B : factors related to differences between groups C : individual differences D : differential attrition Correct Answer : A 41 : The Pre-post designs are similar to within-subjects designs; however, in a Pre-post design, it is impossible to ____. A : randomly assign participants B : counterbalance order of treatments C : control for differential effects D : generalize the results Correct Answer : B 42 : A Pretest-posttest design (OXO) is considered to be a(n) ____. A : experiment B : nonexperimental design C : nonequivalent groups quasi-experimental design D : time series quasi-experimental design Correct Answer : B 43 : A researcher measures nicotine cravings in participants each day for one week before and for one week after the researcher begins a program designed to help patients quit smoking. This is an example of a(n) ____ design. A : time-series B : interrupted time-series C : equivalent time-samples D : Pretest-posttest design Correct Answer : A 44 : A time-series design is a(n) ____. A : nonexperimental study B : quasi-experimental study C : experiment D : correlational study Correct Answer : B 45 : What is one difference between a time-series design and an interrupted time-series design? A : Time series examines the effect of a treatment and interrupted time series examines the effect of an outside event. B : Time series examines the effect of an outside event and interrupted time series examines 7 / 12

the effect of a treatment. C : Time series involves several observations before and after the treatment/event and interrupted time series has only one observation before and after. D : Time series involves only one observation before and after the treatment/event and interrupted time series has several observations before and after. Correct Answer : A 46 : Six months after a devastating earthquake, a researcher goes back and examines archival data (sales records, etc.) that indicate how prepared residents in the area were for a disaster before the earthquake hit unexpectedly. The researcher then gathers data on how prepared residents are for a disaster six months later and compares the scores. This study is an example of a(n) ____. A : time-series B : interrupted time-series C : longitudinal D : cross-sectional Correct Answer : B 47 : A researcher assesses the reading level of third-graders on the first of every month for three months prior to administering a new reading program and for three months following the program. This study is an example of a(n) ____. A : time-series design B : interrupted time-series design C : cross-sectional design D : longitudinal design Correct Answer : A 48 : Last year, the state increased the speed limit on one section of highway from 55 to 65 mph. To evaluate the effect of the change, a researcher gathered accident reports for six months before the change and for six months after the change. This is an example of a(n) ____. A : time-series design B : interrupted time-series design C : cross-sectional design D : longitudinal design Correct Answer : B 49 : A series of observations before treatment allows a researcher to determine whether ____. A : the treatment has a temporary effect B : the treatment has a permanent effect C : scores are influenced by assignment bias D : scores are influenced by some factors unrelated to the treatment Correct Answer : D 50 : Which of these designs comes closest to being a true experiment? A : A time-series design B : A Pretest-posttest design C : A differential design D : A pretest-only nonequivalent control group design 8 / 12

Correct Answer : A 51 : A research study that evaluates changes in behavior related to age by examining different groups of individuals, with each group representing a different age, is called a(n) ____. A : time-series design B : interrupted time-series design C : cross-sectional developmental design D : longitudinal developmental design Correct Answer : C 52 : A research study that evaluates changes in behavior related to age over time by examining one group of participants who are all roughly the same age is called a(n) ____. A : time-series design B : interrupted time-series design C : cross-sectional developmental design D : longitudinal developmental design Correct Answer : D 53 : A researcher is examining cooperation between peers by observing children at six years, eight years, and ten years old. If the researcher uses a cross-sectional design and obtains 20 scores for each age, how many children participated in the entire study? A : 20 B : 40 C : 60 D : 120 Correct Answer : C 54 : A researcher studies language development by selecting a sample of two-year-old children, a sample of three-year-old children, and a sample of four-year-old children. Each childs language skill is measured and the researcher plans to compare the scores for the three groups. This study is an example of a(n) ____. A : time-series design B : interrupted time-series design C : cross-sectional developmental design D : longitudinal developmental design Correct Answer : C 55 : A cross-sectional developmental design is an example of the general category of ____ designs. A : nonequivalent group B : Pretest-posttest C : time-series D : interrupted time-series Correct Answer : A 56 : A researcher studies language development by selecting a sample of two-year-old children and giving them a language skill test. Each year for the next two years, the children are brought 9 / 12

back and tested again. The researcher plans to compare the childrens scores at age two, age three, and age four. This study is an example of a(n) ____. A : time-series design B : interrupted time-series design C : cross-sectional developmental design D : longitudinal developmental design Correct Answer : D 57 : A problem with a longitudinal design is that the results may be distorted by ____. A : cohort effects B : participant attrition C : differential history effects D : assignment bias Correct Answer : B 58 : What is the appropriate statistical analysis for comparing non-numerical data for a differential design comparing samples representing two populations? A : Independent-measures t-test B : Repeated-measures t-test C : Independent-measures analysis of variance D : Chi-square test for independence Correct Answer : D 59 : In a differential research design, the participant characteristic that is used to define the groups is called a(n) ____ variable. A : independent B : dependent C : quasi-independent D : quasi-dependent Correct Answer : C 60 : A researcher is comparing the optimism scores of people who are religious with people who are not religious. In this study, whether or not a person is religious is the _____ variable and level of optimism is the _____ variable. A : independent; dependent B : dependent; quasi-independent C : quasi-independent; dependent D : quasi-dependent; dependent Correct Answer : C

ESSAY 61 : Describe the similarities and differences between experiments and nonexperiments or quasi-experiments. Correct Answer : Nonexperimental and quasi-experimental studies are similar to experiments in 10 / 12

terms of their general structure. Nonexperiments and quasi-experiments, like experiments, involve comparing groups of scores. However, only in an experiment does a researcher create treatment conditions by manipulating an independent variable. Although nonexperiments and quasi-experiments resemble experiments, they contain a confounding variable or other threat to internal validity that is an integral part of the design. Therefore, these studies cannot establish unambiguous cause-and-effect relationships. 62 : Distinguish nonexperimental designs from quasi-experimental designs. Correct Answer : The difference between nonexperimental and quasi-experimental designs is the degree to which they limit confounds and control for threats to internal validity. A nonexperimental design makes little or no attempt to minimize threats. On the other hand, a quasi-experimental design makes some attempt to minimize threats to internal validity and approach the rigor of a true experiment. 63 : Explain the benefits of adding a pretest to a nonequivalent control group design. Correct Answer : Adding a pretest to a nonequivalent control group design is beneficial because it allows the researcher to address the problem of individual differences since a pretest can allow him or her to assess how similar the two groups are before a treatment is administered. The pretest also allows the researcher to determine whether it was the treatment or some other time-related factor that affected the scores (if a time-related factor was the cause, it should affect the control group as well). Since this research design reduces the threats of individual differences and time-related factors, it can somewhat support a cause-and-effect claim, which makes it a quasi-experimental study. 64 : Describe the fundamental flaw that prevents a Pre-post design from being a true experiment. (That is, why cant these designs produce an unambiguous cause-and-effect explanation?) Explain how the series of observations before the treatment help reduce this problem. Correct Answer : The basic flaw with a Pre-post design is that the observations take place over time, which means that other events that change over time have an opportunity to influence the results. For example, a typical time-series study compares observations before treatment with observations after treatment. Although the treatment may be responsible for causing a difference between the two sets of observations, it is also possible that other, time-related factors may have caused the scores to change. Thus, there are always two possible explanations for the differences that are found in a time-series study. This problem is reduced if the study uses a series of observations before the treatment is administered. If outside factors such as history or maturation ...