Chapter 11 - ICM PDF

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Chapter 11 Settlement Patterns Multiple Choice Questions 1. The central place theory of urban locations was introduced by _____________.

a. Weber b. White c. Von Thünen d. Christaller e. Taylor

2. According to Vance’s mercantile model, the initial growth of an urban centre is the product of external factors such as ________________.

a. long distance trade b. coastal nearness c. state control d. presence of waterways e. All of the above. 3. The earliest cities date from about 3500 BCE and developed out of ____________. a. large administrative centres b. large agricultural villages

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c. large marketplaces d. large coastal locations e. large transportation centres 4. ___________, located about 200 km north of Lima, dated as early as 2627 BCE,

is the oldest city in the Americas.

a. Caral b. Ica c. Pucallpa d. Pisco e. Asuncion 5. The low-density expansion of urban land uses into surrounding rural areas is referred to as ________________.

a. exurbanization b. counter-urbanization c. urban sprawl d. urban hierarchy e. tax flight

6. Which sociologist differentiated between community and mass society to explain rural settlements?

a. Grossman b. Pahl c. Joseph d. Tönnies e. Keddie

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7. The movement of households from urban areas to areas outside the urban area but within the commuting field is referred to as __________________. a. exurbanization b. urbanization c. counter-urbanization d. deurbanization e. gentrification

8. The seminal work establishing the existence of important differences between urban and rural ways of life was accomplished by ___________.

a. Wirth b. Pahl c. Meitzen d. Joseph e. Tönnies 9. Possible causes of counter-urbanization include ________________. a. industrial changes prompting a more spatially concentrated economy b. an increasing appreciation of urban lifestyles c. the proliferation of new communication systems d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

10. In 1850, the majority of large cities were located in ______________. a. colonial areas b. newly industrializing countries c. North America

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d. China e. Europe 11. According to Sjoberg, regardless of time and place, the elite of a pre-industrial city always occupied the _________________.

a. central core of the city b. the threshold of the city c. outskirts of the city d. main area of the city e. safest area of the city

12. In Europe, the economic philosophy of mercantilism _______________. a. had no significant effect on cities b. resulted in the industrialization of established cities c. encouraged city growth d. discouraged city growth e. encouraged urban sprawl 13. According to the economic base theory, all activities that produce goods and services for sale outside the city are concentrated in the __________________. a. non-basic sector b. basic sector c. core sector d. outer circle e. tertiary sector

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14. The economic globalization processes are associated with the phase of __________. a. competitive capitalism b. disorganized capitalism c. organized capitalism d. Fordist capitalism e. post-Fordist production

15. There are close links between the mercantile model of urban growth and the _______.

a. central place theory of Christaller b. agricultural land-use theory of von Thünen c. Bylund theory d. staple model of economic growth e. network theory of Castells 16. In principle, to ensure the most efficient use of space, market areas should be in the shape of __________________.

a. hexagons b. circles c. squares d. triangles e. diffusion 17. The k = 4 arrangement of the central place theory refers to the ______________. a. marketing principle

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b. administrative principle c. transportation principle d. social principle e. topographical principle

18. Primate distributions are generally found in __________________. a. small countries b. large countries c. low-order centres d. small political structures e. small semi-urban populations 19. The mercantile model of urban location was developed by ____________________.

a. Vance b. Muller c. Christaller d. Borchert e. Park

20. Mercantilism was dominant in Europe in which time period? a. Fourteenth century b. Fifteenth century c. Seventeenth century d. Seventeenth century to early eighteenth century e. Late eighteenth century to mid-nineteenth century

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21. In the United States, localities must have at least how many people to be considered urban? a. 1,000 b. 2,500 c. 4,000 d. 5,000 e. 10,000

22. The statistical procedure known as nearest neighbour analysis can be used to ______.

a. identify the spatial centre of gravity of a point pattern b. describe a point pattern as clustered, random, or uniform c. locate the market areas of central places d. correlate spatial point patterns e. predict settlement patterns 23. According to the rank-size rule, the population of a centre is _____________. a. equal to the square of the rank of that centre b. equal to the square of the rank of the next largest centre c. equal to the square of the rank of the smallest centre in the region d. inversely proportional to the rank of the centre e. proportional to the square rank of the centre

24. The process of transforming a formerly derelict or low-quality housing area is known as _____________________.

a. post-suburbia b. gentrification

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c. exurbanization d. segregation e. reinvestment 25. In 2008, approximately what percentage of the developed world’s population was considered urban? a. 50 per cent b. 60 per cent c. 75 per cent d. 80 per cent e. 85 per cent 26. Global cities are identified as such by virtue of their _______________.

a. size b. role as financial control centres c. role as political centres d. role as military centres e. population levels 27. The rank-size rule of urban places holds that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will _________________. a. be proportional to its rank in the hierarchy b. be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy c. not change from one level of the hierarchy to another d. on the lower end have a greater difference than those at the top e. None of the above.

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28. Which of the following countries defines urban by stipulating that the population is over 50,000 and 60 per cent of the housing is located in the main built-up area? a. France b. United States c. Mexico d. Japan e. Portugal 29. According to central place theory, the range of a good or service is __________________. a. long for a low order good b. long for a high order good c. about 25,000 persons for a McDonalds d. dependent upon the number of persons in the trade area e. not relevant

30. In order for a place to be considered urban in Canada, it has to _____________.

a. be home to at least 10,000 persons b. be home to at least 5,000 persons c. be home to at least 1,000 persons d. be home to at least 1,000 persons and have a population density of 400 persons/km2 e. have an elected mayor

31. Which of the following best describes the relationship between threshold and type of good?

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a. a high order good will have a low threshold b. a low order good will have a high threshold c. a low order good will have a low threshold d. a high order good will have a short range e. There is no relationship. 32. The square/grid land division scheme of the United States and Canada is known as the ______________. a. long-lot system b. metres and bounds system c. township system d. Sifton Survey system e. prairie land grid

33. Central place theory does not take into account ________________. a. multi-purpose trips b. reduced prices c. distance d. All of the above. e. a and b 34. According to economic base theory, the non-basic sector concentrates on _______. a. goods and services for export b. selling to outside markets c. revenues and purchase of imports d. sectors that supplies goods and services internally

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e. All of the above.

35. According to nearest neighbour analysis, which of the following is true? a. An uniform pattern will result when there is competition for space b. A clustered pattern will result if there is a benefit to locating close others c. A random exists if location or geography is not significant to location decisions d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 36. According to economic base theory the basic sector concentrates on ___________. a. goods and services for export b. selling to outside markets c. revenues and purchase of imports d. sectors that supplies goods and services internally e. None of the above. 37. What proportion of the world’s population were urban dwellers in 1800?

a. 0.5 per cent b. 3 per cent c. 7 per cent d. 10 per cent e. 12.5 per cent 38. What percentage of the world’s population were urban dwellers in 1900? a. 5 per cent

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b. 10 per cent c. 14 per cent d. 19 per cent e. 22 per cent

39. Depending on how the urban area is defined, the largest city in the world today is either Tokyo or _______________. a. Cairo b. Jakarta c. Mumbai d. Mexico City e. Beijing 40. What percentage of the world’s population is expected to be urban by 2030?

a. 50 per cent b. 58 per cent c. 61 per cent d. 69 per cent e. 73 per cent

41. The pronounced difference in growth rates between a core city (slow growth) and its surrounding area (faster growth) is known as the __________________.

a. donut effect b. gentrification c. suburban effect d. nucleation e. Wal-Mart effect

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42. As of the 2006 census, how many CMAs were recognized by Statistics Canada? a. 20 b. 23 c. 26 d. 29 e. 33 43. What percentage of Canada’s population lives in the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario? a. 10 per cent b. 13 per cent c. 18 per cent d. 22 per cent e. 32 per cent

44. In 2006, the largest CMA in Canada was _________________. a. Toronto b. Edmonton c. Calgary d. Vancouver e. Montreal 45. In 1950, there were two mega-cities: New York, and _______________.

a. Mexico City b. Tokyo

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c. London d. Paris e. Beijing 46. By 1975, there were four mega-cities: Tokyo; New York, New York; __________________. a. Cairo; and London b. Mexico City; and London c. Cairo; and Shanghai d. Shanghai; and Mexico City e. London; and Shanghai 47. The number of mega-cities in 2015 is expected to be ____________.

a. 15 b. 19 c. 22 d. 32 e. 42 48. Between 2003 and 2015, what two cities will become mega-cities? a. Madrid and Sydney b. Paris and Istanbul c. Toronto and Paris d. Munich and Istanbul e. Vienna and Paris

49. The French settlement pattern in the St Lawrence lowlands was known as the _______________.

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a. long-lot system b. rectangular grid system c. square grid system d. quarter section system e. None of the above. 50. Which Canadian province experienced the greatest decline in rural population from 2001 to 2006? a. Prince Edward Island b. Ontario c. New Brunswick d. Manitoba e. Saskatchewan

51. Urban sprawl is of particular concern in the Niagara Peninsula region of southern Ontario because __________________.

a. it is one of the only two soft-fruit-producing areas in Canada b. land is so inexpensive c. commuting costs are inexpensive d. the land is best used for industrial purposes e. All of the above.

52. Gemeinschaft refers to community, while gesellschaft refers to ________________. a. urbanization b. rural life c. culture

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d. mass society e. city 53. The process of inner-city urban neighbourhood social change resulting from the in-movement of higher-income groups is known as ________________.

a. gemeinschaft b. gerrymandering c. gentrification d. globalization e. gesellschaft

54. The earliest cities were established ______________________. a. as a result of the agricultural surplus b. as marketplaces c. as defensive or military centres d. as administrative centres e. possibly any of the above

55. World cities are characterized as being ____________________.

a. the headquarters of transnational companies b. key centres for financial institutions and producer services c. gateway cities d. a and b e. a, b, and c

56. Which of the following is generally not considered to be a world city? a. London

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b. Paris c. New York d. Moscow e. Tokyo

Multiple Choice Answers 1. d, page 458

2. a, page 457

3. b, page 454

4. a, page 454

5. c, page 450

6. d, page 451

7. a, page 450

8. a, page 451

9. c, page 449 13. b, page 456

10. b, page 453 14. c, page 456

11. a, page 454 15. d, page 457

12. c, page 455 16. a, page 461

17. c, page 460 21. b, page 439 25. c, page 440

18. a, page 461 22. b, page 460 26, b, page 465

19. a, page 457 23. d, page 461 27. b, page 461

20. d, page 455 24. b, page 453 28. d, page 439

29. b, page 458 33. e, page 458

30. d, pages 438–9 31. c, pages 458–9 32. c, page 447 34. d, pages 456 35. d, page 460 36. a, page 456

37. b, page 438 41. a, page 442

38. c, page 438 42. e, page 442

39. d, page 439 43. d, page 442

40. c, page 440 44. a, page 443

45. b, page 444 49. a, page 446

46. d, page 444 50. e, page 449

47. c, page 444 51. a, page 451

48. b, page 444 52. d, page 451

53. c, page 453

54. e, page 454

55. e, page 464

56. d, page 466

True or False Questions

1. In 1800, 23 per cent of the world’s population was classed as urban. _____ True _____ False

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2. It is believed that the second group of cities were probably established as military or administrative centres from which to exercise control. _____ True _____ False 3. Chinese cities were square in shape, reflecting the fundamental beliefs that the earth was square and that humans should be part of nature rather than dominate it. _____ True _____ False

4. The principal economic change after the Industrial Revolution was the emergence of a new merchant class who supported the state’s mercantilist interference. _____ True _____ False 5. By the early twentieth century, the phase of competitive capitalism became closely associated with Fordism. _____ True _____ False 6. In the United Kingdom, the urban population increased from 24 per cent in 1800 to 90 per cent by 2002. _____ True _____ False

7. Reformers believed that the improvement of the quality of urban life was an essential part of the battle against crime and disease. _____ True _____ False

8. Stage V of the mercantile model theory envisioned settlements at key points to facilitate the export of products. _____ True _____ False

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9. The metropolitan evolution model puts less emphasis on the technology of transportation and more on trade. _____ True _____ False 10. Economic base theory views urban economies as having three sectors. _____ True _____ False 11. Christaller used the isolated state model to observe the role played by distance in the location of urban centres. _____ True _____ False 12. Hexagonal-shaped market areas are the most efficient use of space in Christaller’s marketing principle. _____ True _____ False

13. Urban sprawl is the same as exurbanization. _____ True _____ False 14. The term rang’ refers to the minimum level of sales required to support a business. _____ True _____ False

15. A significant trend in rural areas today is depopulation as a result of the spatial concentration of economic activities in urban areas. _____ True _____ False

16. The world’s urban populations are predicted to double by 2030. _____ True _____ False

17. In order for an urban area to be classified as a Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), it requires a population of at least 250,000.

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_____ True _____ False

18. In the 2001 census, Canada had 27 CMAs. _____ True _____ False

19. In 1950, there were only two mega-cities. _____ True _____ False 20. By 2015, it is predicted that there will be 22 mega-cities. _____ True _____ False 21. In 2003, New York, New York was the third largest city in the world behind Tokyo and Mexico City. _____ True _____ False

22. New York, New York is predicted to be the largest city in the world in 2015. _____ True _____ False 23. In 2003, New York, New York and three other cities from the developed world were included in the world’s 10 largest cities in terms of population. _____ True _____ False

24. According to the rank-size rule, the second and third most populous cities in a country will have, respectively, one-half and one-third the population of the most populous. _____ True _____ False 25. According to economic base theory, the non-basic sector includes all activities that produce goods and service for sale inside the city in question. _____ True _____ False

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26. The guild system of Europe was one of the first examples of land-use zoning. _____ True _____ False 27. Exurbanization and suburbanization are actually synonyms. _____ True _____ False

28. The Canadian television show Corner Gas is actually set in the small town of Rouleau, Saskatchewan. _____ True _____ False 29. There are 32 sections in a typical Canadian township. _____ True _____ False 30. The railway companies played a significant role in settling the Canadian prairies due to land allocation grants made as partial compensation for developing the railway. _____ True _____ False

True or False Answers

1. False, page 438 5. True, page 455 9. False, page 456 13. False, page 450 17. False, page 443 21. True, page 445

2. False, page 454

3. True, page 454

4. False, page 455

6. True, page 456 7. True, whole chapter 8. False, page 457 10. False, page 11. True, page 458 12. True, page 461 456 14. False, page

15. True, whole

16. True, whole

458 18. True, page

chapter

chapter

19. True, page 444

20. True, page 444

23. False, page 445

24. True, page 461

443 22. False, page 445

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25. True, page 456 29. False, page 447

26. True, page 455

27. False, page 450

28. True, page 449

30. False, page 447

Short Answer Questions 1. What factors have influenced the patterns of rural settlement? Answer: pp. 444–8

2. What were the reasons for the predominance of nucleated settlements in rural areas?

Answer: pp. 446–8 3. Using diagrams, illustrate the different physical la...