Chapter 11 Questions and answers PDF

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Chapter 11 questions and solutions. Essential for exams!...

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Chapter: Chapter 11: Motivation

Multiple Choice

1. Virgin female rats typically ignore unfamiliar rat pups, yet they engage in a rich repertoire of maternal behaviors when their own pups are born. Which theory of motivation explains this behavior? a) Arousal b) Instinct c) Drive reduction d) Incentive Ans: b Feedback A: Need to achieve an appropriate level of arousal Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: On the basis of internal biological factors Feedback D: Influence of external stimuli and behavior Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium ______ motives are inborn. a) Social b) Cultural c) Basic d) Learned Ans: c Feedback A: Social motives are learned. Feedback B: Cultural motives are learned. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Learned motives are not inborn. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium Motives such as hunger and thirst that are essential for survival ________. a) are learned via classical conditioning b) are acquired through social observation c) are present at birth

d) emerge during early childhood Ans: c Feedback A: Motives essential for survival are present at birth. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Motives essential for survival are present at birth. Feedback D: Motives essential for survival are present at birth. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Animal research suggests that maternal behaviors such as nesting, grooming, and nursing are the result of _______. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) trial-and-error learning d) changing hormone levels that coincide with childbirth Ans: d Feedback A: Nesting, grooming, and nursing are the result of changing hormone levels that coincide with childbirth. Feedback B: Nesting, grooming, and nursing are the result of changing hormone levels that coincide with childbirth. Feedback C: Nesting, grooming, and nursing are the result of changing hormone levels that coincide with childbirth. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Hard Which of the following behaviors is the best example of instinctual motivation? a) Maria loves to read because her mother pays her five dollars for every book b) Leila learns how to play tennis by observing and imitating her coach. c) Bella nurses and grooms her newborn puppies as a result of the changing hormone levels that coincided with the birth of her offspring. d) Max learns that meditation provides him relief from his frequent headaches.

Ans: c Feedback A: In this example, Maria’s behavior is motivated by positive reinforcement as opposed to instinct. Feedback B: In this example, Leila’s behavior is motivated by observational learning as opposed to instinct. Feedback C: Correct! In this example, Max’s behavior is motivated by insight learning as opposed to instinct. Feedback D: Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Hard

True/False

2. Many of our basic motives are innate. Ans: True Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy Basic motives such as hunger are learned. Ans: False Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy The motivation to eat when hungry weakens by the time we reach adulthood. Ans: False Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy Behaviors that are driven by instinctual motivation are automatic. Ans: true Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Section Ref: Biological Motivations: Hunger Learning Objective: Summarize physical and psychological factors that affect our levels of hunger and our eating behavior. Difficulty: Medium Many maternal behaviors, such as nesting, are instinctually motivated. Ans: True Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

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3. An example of an innate reflex in babies explained by the turning of their heads and searching for a mother’s nipple prior to feeding is the __________ reflex. Ans: rooting Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

The range of foods that we find rewarding __________ from the time we are babies until our adult lives. Ans: changes substantially Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy Short Answer

4. If all behaviors were innate, which 2 types of psychological experiments would no longer be necessary? Ans: Learning and memory Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Hard

Essay

5. Name one shortcoming of instinct theory. Ans: Cannot explain individual differences; some people pursue experiences that others find aversive. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

6. Which theory of motivation states that our behaviors are attempts by the body to maintain homeostasis? a) Drive reduction b) Instinct c) Arousal d) Incentive Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Behaviors are inborn and activated by environmental stimuli. Feedback C: Need to achieve an appropriate level of arousal Feedback D: Influence of external stimuli and behavior Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

True/False

7. When an internal factor alters the state of balance in an organism, a motivation arises to correct the balance.

Ans: False Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Hard

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8. The tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of equilibrium is known as __________. Ans: homeostasis Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

9. What bodily adaptation is activated when external temperature rises and our body becomes too hot? Ans: perspiration Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Essay

10. Why are thrill-seeking behaviors difficult for drive reduction theories to explain? Ans: Thrill seeking behavior is often purposely seeked out because of its ability to throw a person out of emotional and physical equilibrium. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation

Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

11. Which theory of motivation can explain the non-goal directed behaviors associated with curiosity? a) Arousal b) Instinct c) Drive reduction d) Incentive Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Behaviors are inborn and activated by environmental stimuli. Feedback C: Behaviors are attempts by the body to maintain homeostasis. Feedback D: Influence of external stimuli and behavior Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

True/False

12. Arousal theory deviates from drive reduction theory because we are not always motivated to reduce arousal back to some neutral state. Ans: True Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Hard

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13. To illustrate the arousal theory, rats may learn to navigate a maze without rewards or __________. Ans: punishments Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

14. What scientific law states that ideal task performance occurs when our arousal level is at the an optimal level for the difficulty of a task? Ans: Yerkes-Dodson Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

Essay

15. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between task difficulty and arousal? Ans: Task difficulty is inversely related to arousal such that performance is optimal for difficult tasks when arousal is low, whereas performance is optimal for easy tasks when arousal is high; negative correlation Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

16. Which of the following incentives is intrinsically motivating? a) Feelings of self-worth b) Public recognition c) Monetary compensation d) Food and water Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: This incentive represents extrinsic motivation. Feedback C: This incentive represents extrinsic motivation. Feedback D: This incentive represents extrinsic motivation. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

True/False

17. Incentive theory highlights the influence of external stimuli on behavior. Ans: True Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

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18. Engaging in a behavior that is satisfying in and of itself is __________ motivating. Ans: intrinsically Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

Short Answer

19. Name an external motivation to graduation from college. Ans: Employment, monetary, recognition, etc. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

Essay

20. Describe the difference between primary and secondary incentives. Provide an example of each type of incentive. Ans: Primary incentives are innate, whereas secondary incentives are learned. A primary incentive may be food, whereas a secondary incentive may be money. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

21. Pleasure or liking is often associated with systems within the brain that produce which chemical? a) Hallucinogens b) Synthetic compounds c) Narcotics d) Opiates Ans: d Feedback A: External substances Feedback B: External substances Feedback C: External substances

Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

True/False

22. Carl Rogers is famous for developing the hierarchy of needs model. Ans: False Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

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23. At the top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is the need for __________. Ans: self-actualization Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

Short Answer

24. What needs reside on the tier directly above the most basic needs in Maslow’s hierarchy? Ans: Safety needs Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Essay

25. Describe the behavior of someone who has achieved self-actualization. Ans: Exhibit selfless, altruistic behavior Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

26. How do psychologists define motivation? a) a condition that directs behavior towards arousal b) a condition that directs behavior towards a goal c) a condition that satisfies an emotional desire d) a condition that directs behavior for survival e) a condition that is collaborative Ans: b Feedback A: Arousal is too general. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Emotional desires are not discussed in this chapter. Feedback D: Survival is too general. Feedback E: This is not a theory of motivation. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

27.Which of the following is probably not one of the motives driving Kobayashi to enter hot dog eating contests? a) hunger b) attention c) fame d) money e) none of these Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: His motivations probably extend beyond basic hunger needs. Feedback C: His motivations probably extend beyond basic hunger needs. Feedback D: His motivations probably extend beyond basic hunger needs. Feedback E: His motivations probably extend beyond basic hunger needs. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

28.Which of the following behaviors is instinctive? a) sending an email b) driving to work c) sports when bored d) reading when sleepy e) eating when hungry Ans: e Feedback A: We are not born with this ability. Feedback B: We are not born with this ability. Feedback C: We are not born with this ability. Feedback D: We are not born with this ability. Feedback E: Correct! Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

Multiple Choice

29.What term is used in the textbook to describe a set of “behavioral blueprints?” a) arousal b) goal c) emotional desire d) instinct

Ans: d Feedback A: Instinct is the correct answer. Feedback B: Instinct is the correct answer. Feedback C: Instinct is the correct answer. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

30.According to Kinsley, what factor causes instinctual maternal behavior to emerge in rats? a) behavioral maturity b) changes in hormone levels due to pregnancy c) sexual desire d) changes in hormone levels due to survival Ans: b Feedback A: This term is too general. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: This would be hard to measure in rats. Feedback D: Survival is too general. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

32.Of the following statements, which are true? a) Rooting is an instinctive human behavior. b) Rooting allows a baby to eat. c) Rooting allows a baby to seek social contact with it’s mother. d)Rooting is a form of primitive social behavior. e) all of the above Ans: e Feedback A: There is more than one correct answer. Feedback B: There is more than one correct answer. Feedback C: There is more than one correct answer. Feedback D: There is more than one correct answer. Feedback E: Correct! Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

34.What argument suggests that the instinct theory of motivation is incorrect? a) some behaviors are innate b) instincts persist throughout life c) the need for social interaction changes over time d) instinct theory cannot explain differences among individuals

Ans: d Feedback A: This statement supports instinct theory. Feedback B: This statement supports instinct theory. Feedback C: This statement is not true. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

35.What theory of motivation is based on the concept of homeostasis?

a) Instinct b) Drive reduction c) Arousal d) Incentive

Ans: b Feedback A: Drive reduction is the correct answer. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Drive reduction is the correct answer. Feedback D: Drive reduction is the correct answer. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

36.The term ____ is use to describe the body’s internal state of balance or equilibrium. a) homogeneity b) homozygous c) instinct d) arousal e) homeostasis Ans: e Feedback A: This is a statistics term. Feedback B: This a term used to describe identical twins. Feedback C: Homeostasis is the correct term. Feedback D: Homeostasis is the correct term. Feedback E: Correct! Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

Multiple Choice

37.To maintain the homeostasis of body temperature, what behavioral actions can be taken?

a) get a cold drink when hot b) get a warm drink when cold c) shed clothing when hot d) add clothing when cold e) all of these Ans: e Feedback A: There is more than one correct answer. Feedback B: There is more than one correct answer. Feedback C: There is more than one correct answer. Feedback D: There is more than one correct answer. Feedback E: Correct! Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Easy

Multiple Choice

38.Which of the following behaviors cannot be explained by drive reduction theory? a) temperature regulation b) skydiving c) weight gain/loss d) sexual behavior

Ans: b Feedback A: This is a biological need that can be explained by drive reduction theory. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: This is a biological need that can be explained by drive reduction theory. Feedback D: This is a biological need that can be explained by drive reduction theory. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

40.What behavior does arousal theory explain that instinct and drive reduction theories of motivation cannot? a) hunger b) curiosity c) thirst d) sexual

Ans: b Feedback A: This is a biological factor that is easily explained by these theories. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: This is a biological factor that is easily explained by these theories. Feedback D: This is a biological factor that is easily explained by these theories. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

41.According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between arousal level and task difficulty? a) they are correlated b) there is no relationship c) they are inversely related d) this law does not address arousal

Ans: c Feedback A: This is too general a statement. Feedback B: There is a relationship. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Arousal is addressed by this law. Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

42.Mark works on an assembly line building brooms and he enjoys lis...