Chapter 13 Personality PDF

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Chapt er13:Personal i t y  

Trai t s–r e l at i ve l ype r s onalc har ac t e r i s t i ct hatc anbeus e dt odes c r i bes omeone Personal i t y–uni queandr e l at i ve l ys t abl epat t e r noft hought s ,f ee l i ngs ,andac t i o ns

Tr ai tTheor i es 1.Ear l yTr ai tTheo r i es a.Nume r ousl i s to fpot ent i alt r ai t s 2.Fi veFac t orMode l( FFM) a.Bi gFi ve: i .Opennes s i i .Cons c i ent i ous ne s s i i i .Ext r o ver s i on i v .Agr eeabl enes s v . Ne ur ot i c i s m 3.Eval uat i on a.Cons :Lac kofexpl anat i on,s t abi l i t yvs .c hange ,i gnor i ngs i t uat i onale ffec t s Ps yc hoanal yt i c / Ps yc hodynami cTheor i e s 1.Fr eud’ sPs yc ho anal yt i cThe or i es  Bi ol ogi c ali ns t i nc t s ;s e xualaggr es s i ve;pe r s onal i t yi sbas edo n:s t r engt hofi d, e go ,s uper e go;def ens eme c hani s m us e;fixat i o nonps yc hos e xuals t age sof fixat i on a.Le ve l sofAwar ene s s i .Cons ci ous–her eandno w;t hought sandmo t i vest hataper s oni s c ur r e nt l yawar eo fori sr eme mber i ng i i .Preconsci ous–c anr e t r i e ver eadi l y;t ho ught s ,mo t i ves ,ormemo r i es t hatexi s tj us tbeneat ht hes ur f ac eo fawar enes sandc anbee as i l y r e t r i e ved i i i .Unconsci ous–mo t i v es / anxi e t y;memo r i esbl oc ked;Fr e udi ans l i p; t hought s ,mo t i ves ,orme mo r i esbl oc kedf r om nor malawar enes swhi c h c ans t i l lexer tgr e ati nfluenc e b.Per s onal i t ySt r uc t ur e i .I d–pr i mi t i vei ns t i nc t i ve;i ti si mmat ur e,i mpul s i ve,i r r at i onaland t o t al l yunc ons c i ous ;pr es entatbi r t h 1.Pl easurepri nci pl e-i doper at ess e eki ngi mme di at e gr at i fic at i on i i .Ego–r at i onal ,dec i s i onmaki ng;r es pons i bl ef orpl anni ng,pr obl em s o l vi ng ,r e as o ni ng,andc o nt r ol l i ngt hei d;appe ar satage1 1. Real i t yPri nci pl e–c ons c i ouse gooper at esasi ts ee kst o de l aygr at i fic at i onoft hei d’ si mpul s e sunt i lappr opr i at eout l e t s ands i t uat i onsc anbef ound i i i .Superego–t he“ c ons c i enc e”ormor alc o mpo ne nt ;i nc or po r at e s par ent alands oc i e t als t andar dsf ormor al i t y;appear satage5/ 6 1.Moral i t yPri nci pl e–s upe r e goma yoper at e ,whi c hr es ul t si n f e e l i ngsofgui l ti fi t sr ul esar evi ol at ed

Chapt er13:Pers onal i t y c . De f e ns eMe c hani s ms Def enseMechani sm Repressi on

Subl i mat i on

Deni al Rat i onal i zat i on

I nt el l ect ual i zat i on

Proj ect i on

React i onf ormat i on

Regress i on Di spl acement

Des cri pt i on Pr ev ent i ngpai nf ulor unac c ept abl et hought sf r o m ent e r i ngc ons c i ous nes s Redi r ec t i ngs oc i al l y unac c ept abl ei mpul s e si nt o ac c e pt abl eac t i vi t i es Re f us i ngt or ec o gni z eand unpl e as antr e al i t y Cr eat i ngas o c i al l y ac c e pt abl ee xc us et oj us t i f y unac c ept abl ebe havi or I gno r i ngt r oubl i ng emo t i onalas pec t sby f oc us i ngonabs t r ac t t hought sori de as Tr ans f er r i ngunac c ept abl e t hought s ,mo t i ves ,or i mpul s est oo t her s

Exampl e For ge tde t ai l soft r agi c ac c i dent Aggr es s i vei mpul s esby bec omi ngapr o f es s i o nal fight er Al c ohol i c sr e f us et oadmi t t hei raddi c t i on Cheat i ngone xam bys ayi ng “ e ver yonee l s edo esi t ” Emo t i onl es sdi s c us s i onof yourdi vo r c ewhi l ei gnor i ng under l yi ngpai n

Bec o mi ngunr eas onabl y j e al ousofyourmat ewhi l e denyi ngyouro wnat t r ac t i o n t oo t her s Pr omo t i ngape t i t i on No tac kno wl edgi ng ns tadul tbooks t o r e s unac c ept abl ei mpul s e sand agai e vent houghyouar es ec r e t l y o ver emphas i z i ngt he i r f as c i nat edbypor nogr aphy oppos i t e Rever t i ngt oi mmat ur ewa ys Thr o wi ngat empert ant r um ofr es pondi ng whenf r us t r at ed Redi r ec t i ngi mpul s e sf r o m Ye l l i ngatac o wor keraf t er or i gi nals our c et owar dal es s bei ngc r i t i c i z edbyy ourbos s t hr eat eni ngper s onorobj ec t

d.Ps yc hos e xuals t age sofdeve l opme nt NameofSt age ( Age )

Er oge nousZone

Or al( 918mo nt hs )

Mo ut h

Anal( 18mo nt hs–3ye ar s )

Anus

Suppos e dSympt omso f Fi xat i onand/ orRegr es s i on -Ov er i ndul ge nc e c ont r i but est ogul l i bi l i t y , depe ndenc e ,andpas s i vi t y . -Underi ndul ge nc el eadst o aggr es s i venes s ,s adi s m,and at endenc yt oe xpl oi tot her s Fi xat i onorr egr es s i on s uppos edl yl eadst ohi ghl y c ont r o l l e dandc o mpul s i ve l y ne atpe r s onal i t y ,o rme s s y anddi s or der l y

Chapt er13:Pers onal i t y Phal l i c( 3–6year s )

Geni t al s

Lat enc y( 6year s–puber t y) None Geni t al( puber t y–adul t ) Ge ni t al s

-Unr es ol veds e xuall o ngi ng f ort heoppos i t es e xpar ent c anl e adt ol ongt er m r e s ent mentandhos t i l i t y t o war ds eam s e xpar ent -Oedi pusandEl e c t r a c ompl e x -St ageofs e xualdor manc y -Uns uc c e s s f ulout c o me sat t hi ss t age ,s uppo s edl ymay l eadt os e xualr e l at i o ns hi ps bas e donl yonl us t f ul de s i r es ,no tonr e s pe c tand c ommi t me nt

2.NeoFr eudi an/ Ps yc hodynami cThe or i es a.Al f r edAl der i .I nf eri ori t ycompl ex–f ee l i ngsofi nf er i or i t yde ve l opf r om ear l y c hi l dhoode xpe r i enc e sofhe l pl e s s nes sandi nc o mpe t enc e;c anl eadt o wi l l t o po wer 1.“ wi l l t o po wer ”-Chi l dr e nt os t r i veanddeve l ops uper i or i t y o vero t he r st hr oughdomi nanc e ,et c .orde ve l opt hei rf ul l po t e nt i alandc r e at i vi t yandt ogai nmas t e r yandc o nt r oli n t he i rl i ve s b.Car lJung i .Col l ect i veuncons ci ous-Conc e ptofar es e r vo i rofi nher i t ed, uni ver s ale xper i e nc e st hatal lhumanss har e i i . Archet ypes–i mage sandpat t er nso ft hought s ,f ee l i ngs ,and be havi ort hatr e s i dei nt hec ol l ec t i veunc ons c i ous c . Kar enHo r ne y i .Basi canxi et y–f e e l i ngso fhe l pl es s nes sandi ns e c ur i t yt headul t s e xper i enc ebec aus easc hi l dr ent he yf e l tal oneandi s o l at edi naho s t i l e envi r onment 3.Eval uat i on a.Cons :Di ffic ul tt ot e s t ,o ve r emphas i z e sbi ol ogyandunc ons c i ousf or c e s , i nadequat eempi r i c als uppor t ,s e xi s m,l ac kofc r os s c ul t ur als uppor t Humani s t i cTheo r i es Foc us esoni nt er nalexper i enc es( t hought sandf ee l i ngs )andt hei de at hat be l i ev epeopl ear enat ur al l ygo o dandpo s s e s ’ pos i t i ve ,nat ur alt endenc y t o war ds e l f ac t ual i z at i on o Se l f ac t ual i z at i on–t e r mf ort hei nbor ndr i vet ode ve l opal lone’ s t al e nt sandc apabi l i t i es 1.Ro ger ’ sTheor y a.Emphas i z e dment alhe al t h,c ongr uenc e ,s e l f es t eem ands e l f -c onc e pt 

Chapt er13:Pers onal i t y i .Sel f -concept -al lt hei nf or mat i onandbe l i e f si ndi vi dual shaveabout t hei ro wnnat ur e,qual i t i es ,andbehavi or b.Condi t i onalvs .Unc o ndi t i onalr egar d i .Co ndi t i onal–e xper i enc e swhe r ec hi l dr enar ee xpos e dl o veand ac c e pt anc ebas edonbehavi ngc er t ai nwaysande xpr es s i ngc e r t ai n f ee l i ngs i i .Unc ondi t i onall o veandac c ept anc ewi t hnoc o nt i ngenc i esat t ac hed 2.Mas l o w’ sTheor y a.Emphas i z e dt hepo t e nt i alf ors e l f -ac t ual i z at i onwi t hhi er ar c hyofneeds

3.Eval uat i on a.Cons :Naï veas s umpt i ons ,poort es t abi l i t yandi nadequat ee vi de nc e , nar r o wnes s Soc i al–Cogni t i veTheo r i es Emphas i z et hei mpor t anc eofouri nt e r ac t i onswi t ht hee nvi r onmentandho w wei nt er pr e tandr es pondt ot he s eext e r nale ve nt s 1.Bandur a’ sandRo t t e r ’ sAppr oac hes a.Bandur a i .Foc us esons e l f effic i enc yandr ec i pr oc aldet er mi ni s m 1.Se l f–Effic i enc y–aper s on’ sl ear nedexpec t at i onofs uc c es s 2.Rec i pr oc alDe t e r mi ni s m –be l i eft hatc ogni t i ons ,be havi or s ,and t hee nvi r onme nti nt e r ac tt opr oduc eper s onal i t y b.Ro t t er i .Emphas i z esc ogni t i v ee xpec t anc i esandani nt e r nalore xt er nall oc uso f c ont r ol 1.I nt er nal s–c ont r ole ve nt si nt hei rl i vest hr ougho wneffor t s 2.Ext er nal s–envi r onmentandext er nalf or c eshavec ont r ol 2.Eval uat i on a.Pr os :at t ent i ont oenvi r onment ali nfluenc esandt he i rs c i e nt i fics t andar ds b.Cons :nar r o wf oc us ,l ac kofat t ent i ont ot heunc ons c i o us ,envi r onment al ,and emo t i onalc omponent sofper s onal i t y 

Chapt er13:Pers onal i t y Bi o l ogi c alTheor i es 1.Thr eeMaj orCont r i but or s a.Br ai n i .Ac t i vi t yi nc er t ai nbr ai nar easmayc o nt r i but et os omeper s o nal i t y t r ai t s b.Neur oc hemi s t r y i .Re l at i o ns hi pbe t we ens e ns at i ons ee ki ngandneur oc he mi c al s i i .Hi ghs e ns at i ons e eke r sandext r o v er t st e ndt ohavel o we rl e ve l sof phys i ol ogi c alar ous alt hani nt r o ve r t s 1.Per s onal i t yt r ai t sl i kes e ns at i ons e e ki ngandext r over s i onmay bei nher i t ed c . Ge ne t i c s i .Re l at i ve l yhi ghc or r e l at i o no nc er t ai npe r s onal i t yt r ai t s ,wher eas r es e ar c honpar ent s ’ per s onal i t i eshavef oundmoder at ec or r e l at i ons wi t ht hei rbi ol ogi c alc hi l dr enandver yl i t t l ewi t ht hei rado pt ed c hi l dr e n i i .Ge ne t i cf ac t or sc ont r i but eabout40% –50% 2.Bi ops yc hos o c i alMo de l a.Se ve r alf ac t or so ver l api nt hei rc ont r i but i onst oper s o nal i t y

Sales 7.00% 16.00%

50.00%

27.00%

Gentic Factors Unknown Factors

Nonshared Environmental Factors Shared Environmental Factors

Per s onal i t yAs s es s me nt 1.Me as ur i ngPe r s onal i t y a.I nt er vi e ws i .Pr o vi dei ns i ght si nt oawi devar i e t yofbe havi o r sandper s onal i t yt r ai t s 1.St r uc t ur ed( i nt er vi e we ras kss pec i ficque s t i onsandf ol l o wsa s e tofpr ees t abl i s he dpr oc e dur ess ot hei nt e r vi e we ec anbe e val uat edmo r eobj ec t i ve l y)oruns t r uc t ur ed( j obandc ol l ege s e l e c t i on–per s onalhunc hes )

Chapt er13:Pers onal i t y b.Obs e r vat i ons i .Rat erl ooksf ore xampl esofs pec i ficbe havi or sandf ol l o wsac ar ef uls et ofev al uat i ongui de l i nes c . Obj ec t i veTes t i .Mi nnesot aMul t i phasi cPers onal i t yI nvent ory( MMPI2)–us e s s e l f r e po tques t i onnai r esori nve nt or i est opr o vi deobj e c t i ve s t andar di z edi nf o r mat i o nabo utal ar genumbero fpe r s onal i t yt r ai t s d.Pr o j ec t i veTec hni ques i .Us eambi guous ,uns t r uc t ur eds t i mul i ,whi c hc anbeper c ei vedi nmany ways i i .RorschachI nkbl otTes t–pr es ent so10c ar dswi t hs ymme t r i c al abs t r ac tpat t er ns ,kno wnasi nkbl o t sandas kr es pondent swhatt he y “ s ee ”i nt hei mage;r es pons ei spr o j ec t i ono func o ns c i ouspr oc es s i i i .Themat i cApproachTes t( TAT)–s ho wss er i eso fambi guousbl ac k andwhi t epi c t ur esandas kt het e s tt aket oc r eat es t or yr e l at edt o e ac h;r es pons ei spr o j ec t i onofunc o ns c i ouspr oc es s 2.Eval uat i ngPe r s onal i t yAs s es s me nt  Pr os :Pr o vi deval uabl ei ns i ghti nt ope r s onal i t y;Cons :r at er sofper s onal i t y t es tf r equent l ydi s agr eei nt hei re val uat i o nsoft hes amei ndi vi dual a.Obj ec t i veTes t s–MMPI 2 i .De l i ber at edec ept i onands oc i aldes i r abi l i t ybi as ,di agno s t i cdi ffic ul t i es , pos s i bl ec ul t ur albi asandi nappr opr i at eus e b.Pr o j ec t i veTes t s i .Co ns :Co nt r over s i al...