Chapter 19 PDF

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Exam Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 19.1

Using Figure 19.1, match the following: 1) Sinusoid capillary. Answer: C 2) Capillary found in endocrine organs that allows hormones to gain rapid entry into the blood. Answer: B 3) Capillary with intercellular clefts found in the skin and muscles. Answer: A 1

4) Capillary that has a discontinuous, incomplete basement membrane. Answer: C 5) Capillary found where active capillary absorption of filtrate occurs. Answer: B

Figure 19.2

Using Figure 19.2, match the following: 6) Splenic vein. Answer: B 7) Superior mesenteric vein. Answer: E 8) Inferior mesenteric vein. Answer: D 9) Hepatic portal vein. Answer: A 10) Right gastroepiploic vein. Answer: C

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MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following: 11) Largest artery of the body.

A) Internal iliac artery

Answer: B B) Aorta 12) Supplies the kidney. Answer: D 13) Supplies the duodenum and stomach.

C) Common hepatic artery D) Renal artery

Answer: C E) Inferior mesenteric artery 14) Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine. Answer: E 15) Supplies pelvic structures. Answer: A 16) Artery that does not anastomose. Answer: D Match the following: 17) Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery. Answer: E 18) Supplies a lower limb.

A) External iliac artery B) Internal carotid artery C) Celiac trunk

Answer: A D) Radial artery 19) Common site to take the pulse. Answer: D

E) Brachiocephalic trunk

20) Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres. Answer: B 21) Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen. Answer: C

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Match the following: 22) Receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall.

A) Axillary artery B) Superior vena cava

Answer: B C) Pulmonary trunk 23) Carries oxygen- poor blood to the lungs.

D) External jugular vein

Answer: C 24) Drains the scalp.

E) Subclavian vein

Answer: D 25) Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle. Answer: A 26) Drains an upper extremity, a deep vein. Answer: E Match the following: 27) Artery usually ausculated to take the blood pressure. Answer: D 28) Major artery of the thigh.

A) Femoral artery B) Great saphenous vein C) Pulmonary vein

Answer: A D) Brachial artery 29) Supplies the small intestine. Answer: E

E) Superior mesenteric artery

30) Carries oxygen- rich blood from the lungs. Answer: C 31) Vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel. Answer: B

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Match the following: 32) Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest. Answer: D 33) Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. Answer: B

A) Large arteries B) Capillaries C) Large veins D) Arterioles

34) Site where blood pressure is lowest. Answer: C 35) Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest. Answer: A 36) Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. Answer: B 37) Site where the blood volume is greatest. Answer: C 38) Site where the blood pressure is greatest. Answer: A 39) Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance. Answer: D Match the following: 40) Results from heart inability to sustain adequate circulation due to myocardial damage.

A) Cardiogenic shock

Answer: A

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41) Due to inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs. Answer: C

A) Vascular shock B) Hypovolemic shock

42) Normal blood volume but poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation.

C) Circulatory shock

Answer: A 43) Due to large- scale blood loss. Answer: B TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

44) The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation. Answer:

True

False

45) Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart. Answer:

True

False

46) Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane. Answer:

True

False

47) The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis. Answer:

True

False

48) The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole. Answer:

True

False

49) The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues. Answer:

True

False

50) An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart. Answer:

True

False

51) Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses. Answer:

True

False

52) An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance. Answer:

True

False

53) Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid. Answer:

True

False

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

54) Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. A) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases B) increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur C) increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases D) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur Answer: D 55) If a person were to have substantial blood loss, you would expect to see all of the following physiological event to happen EXCEPT one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. A) increases peripheral resistance B) decreased heart rate C) increasing vasomotor tone D) a weak, thread pulse Answer: B 56) During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? A) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B) epinephrine C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) angiotensin II Answer: A 57) Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure? A) tunica intima B) tunica externa C) tunica media D) subendothelial Answer: C 58) Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and are named by the organs they supply (renal) are _________. A) muscular arteries B) capillaries C) elastic arteries D) arterioles Answer: A 59) Which of the following would NOT be expected from taking a diuretic drug? A) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion B) decreased blood pressure C) increased urine output D) lower plasma volume Answer: A 60) A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? A) lower heart rate and reduced blood flow B) increased angiogenesis and higher peripheral resistance C) higher peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure D) increased risk of developing atherosclerosis Answer: A 61) Which blood vessels lack elastic tissue? A) muscular arteries and arterioles C) venules and veins

B) arterioles and capillaries D) capillaries and venules

Answer: D

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62) In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. A) continuous B) fenestrated C) metarterioles D) sinusoid Answer: D 63) The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? A) The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels. B) Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow. C) The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. D) Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart. Answer: D 64) Which of the following statements is NOT true of the precapillary sphincters? A) They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel. B) They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole. C) They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries. D) They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries. Answer: A 65) Blood flow is ________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ________ proportional to the total peripheral resistance. A) inversely; inversely B) directly; directly C) directly; inversely D) inversely; directly Answer: C 66) Atherosclerosis causes elastic arteries to become less stretchy. How does this affect pulse pressure? A) Pulse pressure is temporarily increased. B) Pulse pressure is chronically decreased. C) Pulse pressure is temporarily decreased. D) Pulse pressure is unaffected by atherosclerosis. E) Pulse pressure is chronically increased. Answer: E 67) In general, it is expected that ________. A) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed B) hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed C) hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed D) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end Answer: C 68) In general, it is expected that ________. A) osmotic pressure will be higher in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end B) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed C) osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed D) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end Answer: C

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69) Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes? A) Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shuts. B) Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. C) Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. D) Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. Answer: C 70) Which of the following does NOT contribute to venous blood pressure? A) increased abdominal pressure during breathing B) skeletal muscle activity C) constriction of smooth muscle around veins by the sympathetic nervous system D) venous anastomoses Answer: D 71) The velocity of blood is slowest in the capillaries and pressure of blood is lowest in the veins. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? A) Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed. B) Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels. C) Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation. D) Lower pressure on the venous end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma. Answer: C 72) The release of which hormone is most likely to cause a reduction in blood volume and pressure? A) atrial natriuretic peptide B) norepinephrine C) antidiuretic hormone D) aldosterone Answer: A 73) Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels? A) Cardiac output will increase. B) The cardioacceleratory center of the medulla will be activated. C) Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated. D) Vasomotor center of the medulla will trigger vasoconstriction. Answer: C 74) Which statement best describes arteries? A) All carry blood away from the heart. B) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. C) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. D) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. Answer: A 75) Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A) capillaries B) arterioles C) arteries D) veins Answer: A

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76) Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is FALSE? A) It branches off of the inferior vena cava. B) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins. C) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing. D) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together. Answer: A 77) Which of the following contain oxygenated blood? A) pulmonary arteries C) pulmonary veins

B) lobar arteries D) pulmonary trunk

Answer: C 78) Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does NOT describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? A) It promotes an increase in blood pressure. B) It will reduce urine output. C) It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine. D) It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood. Answer: C 79) The pulse pressure is ________. A) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure B) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure C) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) D) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure Answer: D 80) Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) rapidly falling blood pressure B) cold, clammy skin C) rapid, thready pulse D) increased heart rate Answer: A 81) Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) The skin will be cold and clammy. B) Blood flow to the kidneys increases. C) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. D) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. Answer: D 82) Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) They distribute blood to various parts of the body. B) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. C) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. D) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. Answer: C 83) Which of the following processes provides a long- term response to changes in blood pressure? A) neural controls B) chemoreceptor- initiated reflexes C) renal regulation D) baroreceptor- initiated reflexes Answer: C

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84) Peripheral resistance ________. A) increases as blood vessel diameter increases B) increases as blood viscosity increases C) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals D) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel Answer: B 85) Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure B) is abolished when abnormally high CO 2 levels persist C) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level D) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons Answer: B 86) Blood flow to the skin ________. A) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze B) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH C) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells D) increases when environmental temperature rises Answer: D 87) Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) plasma and formed element concentration B) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure C) hydrostatic pressure only D) blood volume and viscosity Answer: B 88) Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels B) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone C) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant D) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume Answer: B 89) The abdominal aorta splits into which vessels? A) right and left femoral arteries C) right and left common carotid arteries

B) right and left common iliac arteries D) right and left subclavian arteries

Answer: B 90) The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. A) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary B) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius C) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter D) the only factor that influences resistance Answer: B

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91) The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. A) shock that results from large- scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea B) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally C) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis D) always fatal Answer: A 92) Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? A) blood vessels type B) blood viscosity C) blood vessel diameter D) total blood vessel length Answer: C 93) The term ductus venosus refers to ________. A) a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver B) damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins C) a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity D) a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs Answer: A 94) The beginning of a true capillary is surrounded by a precapillary sphincter. The opening and closing of precapillary sphincters is controlled by ________. A) parasympathetic nervous system B) local chemical conditions C) sympathetic nervous system D) blood pressure in the metarteriole Answer: B 95) The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does NOT affect a pulse rate reading. A) emotions B) postural changes C) the vessel selected to palpate D) activity Answer: C 96) Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? A) left atrium B) right ventricle C) pulmonary arteries and veins D) superior vena cava Answer: D 97) Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. A) tunica intima B) tunica media C) tunica adventitia D) tunica externa Answer: A 98) Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________. A) pulmonary arteries B) elastic arteries C) arterioles D) muscular arteries Answer: C

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99) Which of the following is NOT true regarding fenestrated capillaries? A) Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney. B) Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood. C) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood- brain barrier. D) Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food. Answer: C 100) These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey." A) sinusoids B) anastomoses C) fenestrations D) thoroughfare channels Answer: A 101) Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT ________. A) activity...