Chapter 2 Focus Questions PDF

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Chapter 2 Focus Questions What were the main contours of English colonization in the 17th century? 1. Colonization was contoured by religious, political, and economic tensions. 2. The New World was beginning anti-Catholicism and moving toward Protestantism. This urged them to seek out America. 3. Some other main contours of English colonization were political and economic tensions. Also, the large English population needed more land in general. What obstacles did the English settlers in the Chesapeake overcome? 1. The English went through many obstacles in the Chesapeake overcome in economic and political reasons. 2. Paying for voyages to the America was a large obstacle for most people. There was recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians. 3. Most Englishman were past servants, so they were too poor to pay for the travel to America. Also, the English wanted the Indian land, not control of them. How did Virginia and Maryland develop in their early years? 1. Virginia and Maryland developed as a more structured society with less needed dependence on others. 2. Virginia was originally dependent on Indians for food and other things. On the other hand, Maryland suffered many deaths and took them a while to get used to New World. 3. Both states became more of a democracy and developed society through structure and law. For instance, Maryland urged for peace between Catholics and Protestants and the plan was ultimately successful.

What made the English settlement of New England distinctive?

1. The English settlement in New England was distinctive from other state’s development in many ways. 2. A distinctive religious order emerged, know as Puritanism. This distinctive religious movement led to a distinctive development in New England. 3. Also, puritan life in society was different because puritans had different family, government, and church views. What were the main sources of discord in early New England? 1. The main sources discord in early New England were the religious controversies and bad relations with the Natives. 2. Different languages and other differences led to wars between Puritans and Indians. Puritans pushed to convert Indians to their religion and the Indians were not a fan of this little religious toleration. 3. That said, constant wars between the Indians and Puritans led to the bad relations between the two. Part of this was due to distinctive languages, as they had trouble making peace through communicating. How did the English Civil War affect the colonies in America? 1. The English Civil War led to tensions between loyalists of the English Parliament and the free English colonies. 2. The two sides had differences in idea of freedom, and this caused tension in political debates. It caused a new wave of migration from England, who had distinctive views from previous migration wave.

3. Overall, the war caused division in America, as some were for the English Parliament, as others were against the government and fought for freedom. Ultimately, this led to the American Revolution as tensions grew more and more.

Virginia Company - A private business organization whose shareholders included merchants, aristocrats, and members of Parliament; sponsored the 1607 founding of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the present-day United States. Roanoke Colony - Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1535 off the coast of North Carolina; the first settlement was abandoned in 1586; the second settlement, established in 1586, was found mysteriously abandoned in 1590. A Discourse Concerning Western Planting - Written in 1584 by Protestant minister and scholar Richard Hakluyt, in which he listed various reasons why Queen Elizabeth I should support the establishment of colonies. Enclosure movement - The 16th and 17th century process in which English landlords evicted small farmers and fenced in "commons" previously open to all. Indentured servant - A settler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World; Virginia and Pennsylvania were largely peopled in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by English and German indentured servants.

John Smith - One of Jamestown's first leaders, whose autocratic rule alienated many of the colonists; returned to England after being injured by a gunpowder explosion in 1609.

Headright system - A policy first announced by the Virginia Company in 1618, by which the company granted 50 acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own or another's passage to Virginia. House of Burgesses - As the first elected assembly in colonial America, it was established in 1618 by the Virginia Company and first convened in 1619; only landowners had voting rights and the company retained the right to nullify any measure adopted. Uprising of 1622 - An uprising against the Virginia colony led by Powhatan's brother, Opechancanough, that wiped out a quarter of the settler population; the remaining settlers responded by massacring scores of Indians and devastating their villages. Tobacco Colony - A colony in which growing tobacco was the main source of profit; tobacco farming in Virginia resulted in a growing demand for field labor and a distinct class hierarchy. Dower rights - Under English law, gave married women the rights to claim one-third of her husband's property in the event that he died before she did. Puritans - English religious group that sought to purify the Church of England; founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop in 1630. Moral liberty - The Puritan idea of "liberty to that only which is good"; could entail restraints on speech, religion, and personal behavior. John Winthrop - A governor of Massachusetts who, in 1645, spoke to the legislature about the distinction between "natural" liberty (liberty to do evil) and "moral" liberty. Pilgrims - Puritan Separatists who broke completely with the Church of England and sailed to the New World aboard the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620. Mayflower Compact - Signed in 1620 aboard the Mayflower before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, the document committed the group to majority rule government.

Great migration - Period between 1629 and 1642 in which a great number of Puritans migrated from England to Massachusetts. Dissenters - Protestants who belonged to denominations other than the established church. Captivity Narratives - First-hand accounts written by settlers who had been held captive by Indian tribes; New England leaders advocated for the publication of such narratives in order to discourage colonists from being attracted to Indian life. The Sovereignty and Goodness of God - Very popular captivity narrative in which author Mary Rowlandson writes of her unwavering determination to return to Christian society. Pequot War - An armed conflict in 1637 that led to the destruction of one of New England's most powerful Indian groups. Half-Way Covenant - In 1662, attempted to address the problem of religious purity by allowing for the baptism and subordinate ("half-way") membership for grandchildren of Puritan immigrants from the Great Migration.

English Liberty - Idea that the English king was subject to the rule of law and that all free persons should enjoy security of person and property.

Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act) - A 1649 act by which all Christians were guaranteed the free exercise of religion....