Chapter 2 Vocabulary BIOS 105 PDF

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Chapter 2 Vocabulary Acids: have a sour taste and can dissolve many metals or burn a hole in your rug. Acid Group: allows amino acids to act as acids. Active Sites: fit and interact chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP): accumulates energy. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): all-important because it provides a form of chemical energy that all body cells can use. Alpha (α)-Helix: most common secondary structure which resembles a Slinky toy or the coils of a telephone cord. Amino Acids: the building blocks or proteins that all contain amine groups and acid groups. Amine Group: gives amino acids basic properties. Atomic Number: the number assigned to each element that is equal to the number of protons each atom contains. Atomic Mass: the sum of the masses of all the protons and neutrons contained in its nucleus. Atomic Mass Number: is written as a superscript to the left of the atomic symbol. Atomic Symbol: the one- or two-letter chemical shorthand for each element. Atomic Weight: approximately equal to the mass number of its most abundant isotope. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): in the body, chemical energy of foods is trapped in the bonds of this high-energy chemical. Bases (Proton Acceptors): have a bitter taste, and feel slippery. Beta (ꞵ)-Pleated Sheet: the primary polypeptide chains do not coil, but are linked side by side by hydrogen bonds to form a pleated, ribbonlike structure that resembles an accordion. Buffers: chemicals that regulate pH levels in the body, present in body fluids. Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being changed itself. Carbohydrates: contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Chemical Changes: do alter the composition of the substance. Chemical Energy: stored in the bonds of chemical substances. Chemical Equation: a written depiction of a chemical reaction. Chemical Reactions: occur whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms. Cholesterol: found in cell membranes and is the raw material of vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts. Collagen: is found in bones, cartilage, and tendons and is most abundant in protein in the body. Colloids: translucent mixtures with solute particles or intermediate size. Complementary Bases: bases that always bind together. Compound: when two or more different atoms bind together to form a molecule. Inorganic Compounds: lack carbon and tend to be small, simple molecules. Organic Compounds: are carbon-containing compounds. Covalent Bonds: the bonds between covalent molecules. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: when covalent molecules share electrons equally between atoms. Covalent Molecules: molecules in which atoms share electrons.

Decomposition Reactions: occur when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions and can be indicated by AB → A + B Dehydration Synthesis: a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group (OH) is removed from the monomer is is to be joined with. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): genetic material found within the cell nucleus then replicates itself exactly before a cell divides, thus ensuring that the genetic information in every body cell is identical, and provides the instructions for building every protein in the body. Disaccharides (Double Sugars): formed when two simple sugars are joined by dehydration synthesis. Dissociation: when dissolved in body fluids, salts easily separate into their ions. Double Helix: a whole molecule coiled into a spiral-staircase-like structure. Electrical Energy: results from the movement of charged particles. Electrolytes: substances that conduct an electrical current in solution. Electron Cloud: general location of electrons outside the nucleus. Electrons: negative molecules. Electron Shells (Energy Levels): orbits or generally fixed regions of space around the nucleus occupied by electrons. Elements: unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods. Energy: has no mass and does not take up space. Enzymes: regulate essentially every chemical reaction that goes on within the body. Functional proteins that act as biological catalysts. Exchange Reactions: involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions; bonds are both made and broken. During exchange reactions, a switch is made between molecule parts (changing partners, so to speak), and different molecules are made. Thus, an exchange reaction can be generally indicated as AB + C → AC + B and AB + CD → AD + CB Fibrous Proteins (Structural Proteins): strandlike, appear most often in body structures. Functional Groups: interactions between very large organic molecules and other molecules that typically involve only small, reactive parts of their structure. Gases: have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. Globular Proteins (Functional Proteins): are mobile, generally compact, spherical molecules that have at least tertiary structure. Glucose (Blood Sugar): the universal cellular fuel. Glycogen: a slightly smaller, but similar, polysaccharide found in animal tissues. High-Energy Phosphate Bonds: hold together phosphate groups. Hydrogen Bonds: extremely weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom bound to one electron-hungry nitrogen or oxygen is attracted by another electron-hungry atom, and the hydrogen atom forms a bridge between them. Hydrolysis: when polymers must be broken down or digested to their monomers.

Hydrolysis Reactions: water molecules are added to the bonds of larger molecules. Intramolecular Bonds: bonds that help to bind different parts of the same molecule together into a special three-dimensional shape. Ions: charged particles that generate an electrical current when they move across cell membranes, resulting when atoms gain or lose electrons during bonding, their positive and negative charges are no longer balanced. Anions: negatively charged ions. Cation: positively charged ion. Ionic Bonds: form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. Isotopes: have the same number of electrons and protons but vary in the number of neutrons they contain. Keratin: is the structural protein of hair and nails and the material that makes skin tough. Kinetic Energy: displayed in the constant movement of the tiniest particles of matter (atoms)as well as in larger objects, such as a bouncing ball. Lactose: found in milk. Lipids: a large diverse group of organic compounds. Phospholipids: are similar to triglycerides but differ in that a phosphoruscontaining group is always part of the molecule and takes the place of one of the fatty acid chains. Thus, phospholipids have two instead of three attached fatty acids. Liquids: have a definite volume, but they conform to the shape of their container. Maltose: malt sugar. Matter: the stuff of the universe. Mechanical Energy: is energy directly involved in moving matter. Messenger RNA: carries the information for building protein from the DNA genes to the ribosomes. Molecular Formula: shows a molecules atomic makeup. Molecules: formed when two or more atoms combine chemically. Monomer: similar, repeating units. Monosaccharide (SImple Sugars): one sugar, single-chain or single-ring structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms. Nerve Impulses: electrical currents used by the nervous system to transmit messages from one part of the body to another. Neutralization Reaction: a type of exchange reaction, in which an acid and a base interact. Neutrons: uncharged molecules. Nucleic Acids: make up the genes, which provide the basic blueprint of life. Nucleotides: are the quite complex building blocks of nucleic acids. Omega-3 Fatty Acid: appears to decrease the risk of heart disease and some inflammatory diseases. Orbital Model: depicts the general location of electrons outside the nucleus as a haze of negative charge referred to as the electron cloud. Orbitals: regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time. Periodic Table: a complete listing of the elements.

Physical Changes: do not alter the basic nature of a substance. Planetary Model: portrays the atom as a miniature solar system in which the protons and neutrons are clustered at the center of the atom in the atomic nucleus. Polar Molecule: a molecule with two charged poles. Polymers: chainlike molecules made of many similar or repeating units which are joined together. Polypeptides: amino acid chains containing less than 50 amino acids. Polysaccharides (Many Sugars): long, branching chains of linked simple sugars. Potential Energy: when energy is inactive or stored (as in batteries of an unused toy). Primary Structure: the sequence of amino acids composing and polypeptide chain. Product: the molecule formed. Proteins: account for over 50 percent of the organic matter in the body, and they have the most varied functions of the organic molecules. Proton Donors: another definition for acids because a hydrogen ion is essentially a hydrogen nucleus (naked proton). Protons: positive molecules. Quaternary Structure: when two or more polypeptide chains combine in a regular manner to form a complex protein. Radiant Energy: travels in waves; that is, it is the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes X rays, infrared radiation (heat energy), visible light, radio, and ultraviolet waves. Radioactivity: the process of spontaneous atomic decay. Radioisotopes: the heavier isotopes of certain atoms are unstable and tend to decompose to become more stable. Reactants: the atoms taking part in the reaction. R-Group: single group of atoms apart from the identical groups that make each amino acid chemically unique. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): located outside the nucleus and can be considered the “molecular slave” of DNA; RNA carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA. Ribosomal RNA: forms part of the ribosomes, where it oversees the translation of the message and the binding together of amino acids to form the proteins. Rule of Eights: atoms interact in such a way that they will have eight electrons in their valence shell. Salt: an ionic compound containing cations other than H⁺ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH⁻). Salts: compounds formed by ionic bonding. Saturated: fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Secondary Structure: proteins twist or bend upon themselves to be more complex. Solids: have a definite shape and volume. Solutes: small amounts of substances that can be dissolved or suspended. Solution: the resulting mixture of solvents and solutes when the solute particles are exceedingly tiny. Solvents: a liquid or gas in which smaller amounts of substances can be dissolved or suspended. Starch: the storage polysaccharide formed by plants.

Steroids: basically flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings; thus their structure differs quite a bit from that of fats. Strong Acids: acids that ionize completely and liberate all their protons. Substrates: reacting molecules. Sucrose: cane sugar. Suspension: when the solute particles are fairly large. Synthesis Reactions: occur when two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule, which can be simply represented as A + B → AB Reversibility is indicated by a double arrow. A + B ⇋ AB If the arrows differ in length, the longer arrow indicates the more rapid reaction or the major direction in which the reaction is proceeding. If the arrows are of equal length, the reaction is at chemical equilibrium. For each molecule of AB made, a molecule of AB is breaking down to release A and B. Tertiary Structure: achieved when α-helical or ꞵ-pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another to produce a compact ball-like, or globular, molecule. Thermal Energy: some of the initial energy supply is always lost to the environment as heat. Trans Fats: oils that have been solidified by addition of hydrogen atoms at sites of double carbon bonds. Triglycerides (Neutral Fats): composed of two types of building blocks. Fatty Acids: building block of fats Glycerol: sugar alcohol, building block of fats Unsaturated (Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated): fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. Valence Shell: the atom’s outermost shell, in which electrons determine the chemical behavior of the atom. Weak Acids: acids that ionize incompletely, as do acetic and carbonic acid....