Chapter 2 Vocabulary HIT111 PDF

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Chapter 2 Vocabulary Overview Anatomic Reference Systems- Terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities. Structures of the Body- The cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly. Genetics- The genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their children. Tissues- A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions. Glands- A group of specialized cells that are capable of producing secretions. Body Systems and Related Organs- Organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems. Pathology- The study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function. Word Parts aden- gland aden/o- the combining form of gland adip- fat adip/o- the combining form of fat anter- front anter/o- the combining form of front caud- tail or lower part of the body caud/o- the combining form of tail or lower part of the body cephal- head cephal/o- the combining form of head cyt- cell cyt/o- the combining form of cell endo/en-- within exo-- out hist- tissue hist/o- the combining form of tissue -ologist- a specialist -ology- the study of path- disease/suffering, feeling, and emotion path/o- the combining form of disease/suffering, feeling, and emotion. -plasia- formation Poster- back or toward the back poster/o- the combining form of back -stasis- control physi- nature or physical ventr- belly dors- back anter- front or before -ior/-ic/-al/-ac/-ar/-eal/-tics/-ose- pertaining to craini- brain home- constant home/o- the combining form of constant abdomin- abdomen abdomin/o- the combining form of abdomen hypo-- below/defficient chondr- cartilage chondr/i- the combining form of cartilage epi-- above

gastr- stomach lumb- lower back ili- hip bones retro-- behind periton- peritoneum -plasm- formative material of cells gene- producing a-- without ana-- excessive dys-- bad -trophy- development -crine- secrete carcin- cancerous -oma- tumor -malacia- abnormal softening -osis- abnormal condition or disease -sclerosis- abnormal hardening dem- population pan-- entire Idi- peculiar idi/o- the combining form of peculiar

Medical Terms Primary Terms Abdomen (AB-doh-men)- abdominal cavity. Abdominal Cavity (ab-DOM-ih-nal)- contains primarily the major organs of digestion. Abdominopelvic Cavity (ab-dom-ih-no-PEL-vick)- refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities as a single unit. Adenectomy (ad-eh-NECK-toh-mee)- the surgical removal of a gland. Adenitis (ad-eh-NIGH-tis)- the inflammation of the gland. Adenocarcinoma (ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-mah)- a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue. Adenoma (ad-eh-NOH-mah)- a benign tumor that arises in, or resembles, glandular tissue. Adenomalacia (ad-eh-noh-mah-LAY-shee-uh)- the abnormal softening of a gland. Adenosclerosis (ad-eh-noh-skleh-ROH-sis)- the abnormal hardening of a gland. Adenosis (ad-eh-NOH-sis)- any disease condition of a gland. Airborne Transmission- occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze. Anomaly (ah-NOM-ah-lee)- a deviation from what is regarded as normal. Anaplasia (an-ah-PLAY-zee-ah)- a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. Anatomic Position- describes the body assuming that the individual is standing in the standard

position that includes: Standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward. Holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned with the palms turned toward the front. Anatomy (ah-NAT-oh-mee)- the study of the structures of the body. Anomaly (ah-NOM-ah-lee)Anterior (an-TEER-ee-or)- situated at the front. Aplasia (ah-PLAY-zee-ah)- the defective development, or the congenital absence, or an organ or tissue. Atresia (at-TREE-zee-ah)- describes the congenital absence of a normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular. Autopsy (AW-top-see)- postmortem examination. Bloodborne Transmission- the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood. Body Cavity- spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs. Body Planes- imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes. Caudal (KAW-dal)- toward the lower part of the body. Cells- the basic structural and functional units of they body. Cell Membrane (MEM-brain)- the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment. Cephalic (seh-FAL-ick)- toward the head. Chromosomes (KROH-mah-sohmes)- are the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell. Communicable Disease (kuh-MEW-nih-kuh-bul)- any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. Congenital Disorder (kon-JEN-ih-tahl)- an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth. Connective Tissues- support and connect organs and other body tissues. Dense Connective Tissues- bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body. Adipose Tissue- provides protective padding, insulation, and support. Loose Connective Tissue- surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels. Liquid Connective Tissues- blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body. Cranial Cavity- located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain. Cytology (sigh-TOL-oh-jee)- the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell. Cytoplasm (SIGH-toh-plazm)- is the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus. Cystic Fibrosis- a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the repiratory and digestive systems. Developmental Disorder- can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe. Distal (DIS-tal)- situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure. Dorsal (DOR-sal)- the back of the organ or body.

Dorsal Cavity- located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions (cranial and spinal cavities). Down Syndrome- a genetic variation that is associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease. Dysplasia (dis-PLAY-see-ah)- abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs Endemic (en-DEM-ick)- the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area. Endocrine (EN-doh-krin)Endothelium (en-doh-THEE-lee-um)- the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs. Epidemic (ep-ih-DEM-ick)- a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area. Epidemiologist (ep-ih-dee-mee-OL-oh-jist)- a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group. Epigastric Region (ep-ih-GAS-tick)- located above the stomach. Epithelial Tissues (ep-ih-THEE-lee-al)- form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. Epithelium (ep-ih-THEE-lee-um)- the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes. Etiology (ee-tee-OL-oh-jee)- the study of the causes of diseases. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- caused by the mother’s consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy. Food-Borne and Waterborne Transmission- caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present. Frontal Plane- a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Functional Disorder- produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified. Gene- a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. Dominant Gene- the trait the offspring will inherit. Recessive Gene- a trait that, when present in both parents, will be inherited; if only one parent has it the offspring will not inherit it. Genetic Disorder- a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene. Genetic Mutation- a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule. Geneticist- a specialist in the field of of genetics. Genetics- the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the rold of genes in health and disease. Genome (JEE-nohm)- the complete set of genetic information of an individual. Geriatrician (jer-ee-ah-TRISH-un)- a physician who specializes in the care of older people. Geriatrics (jer-ee-AT-ricks)- the study of the medical problem and care of the aged. Gland- a group of a specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions. Exocrine Glands (ECK-soh-krin)- sweat glands, secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body. Endocrine Glands (EN-doh-krin)- produce hormones, do not have ducts, secrete

hormones directly into the bloodstream, which are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body. Hemophilia (hee-moh-FILL-ee-ah)- a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a bloodclotting factor is missing. Histology (hiss-TOL-oh-jee)- the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues. Homeostasis (hoh-mee-oh-STAY-sis)- the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment. Horizontal Plane- a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon. Huntington’s Disease (HD)- is a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child, that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife. Hyperplasia (high-per-PLAY-zee-ah)- the enlargement of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells. Hypertrophy (high-PER-troh-fee)- a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not in the number of cells in the tissues. Hypochondriac Region (high-poh-KON-dree-ack)- located on the left and right sides of the body and are covered by the lower ribs. Hypogastric Region (high-poh-GAS-trick)- located below the stomach. Hypoplasia (high-poh-PLAY- zee-ah)- the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells. Iatrogenic Illness (eye-at-roh-JEN-ick)- an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment. Idiopathic Disorder (id-ee-oh-PATH-ick)- an illness without known case. Iliac Regions (ILL-ee-ack)- located on the left and right sides over the hip bones. Indirect Contact Transmission- situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface. Infectious Disease (in-FECK-shus)- an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Inferior- lowermost, below, or toward the feet. Inguinal (ING-gwih-nal)- relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. Lateral- the direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline. Lumbar Regions (LUM-bar)- located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine. Medial (MEE-dee-al)- the direction toward, or nearer, the midline. Mesentery (MESS-en-terr-ee)- a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall. Midsagittal Plane (mid-SADJ-ih-tal)- the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves. Muscular Dystrophy- the term used to describe a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. Muscle Tissue- contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical ability to contract and relax. Nerve Tissue- contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses.

Nucleus (NEW-klee-us)- surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell that has two important functions; (1) in controls the activities of the cell, and (2) it helps the cell divide. Nosocomial Infection (nos-oh-KOH-mee-al in-FECK-shun)- a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting. Organ- a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function. Organic Disorder- produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body. Pandemic (pan-DEM-ick)- an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide. Pathologist (pah-THOL-oh-jist)- specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis. Pathology (pah-THOL-oh-jee)- the study of the nature and cause of disease that involved changes in structure and function. Pelvic Cavity (PEL-vick)- the space formed by the hip bones and it contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems. Peritoneum (pehr-ih-toh-NEE-um)- a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity. Parietal Peritoneum (pah-RYE-eh-tal pehr-ih-toh-NEE-um)- the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall. Visceral Peritoneum (VIS-er-al pehr-ih-toh-NEE-al)- the inner layer of teh peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity Peritonitis (pehr-ih-toh-NIGH-sis)- inflammation of the peritoneum. Phenylketonuria (fen-il-kee-toh-NEW-ree-ah)- a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. Physiology (fiz-ee-OL-oh-jee)- the study of the functions of the structures of the body. Posterior (pos-TEER-ee-or)- situated in the back. Prenatal Influence- the mother’s health, behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does, or does not, receive before delivery. Proximal (PROCK-sih-mal)- situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure. Quadrant- divided into four. Retroperitoneal (ret-roh-pehr-ih-toh-NEE-al)- means located behind the peritoneum. Sagittal Plane (SADJ-ih-tal)- a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions. Spinal Cavity- located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord. Stem Cells- unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division. Adult Stem Cells- undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. Embryonic Stem Cells- undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; however, they have the important ability to form any adult cell. Superior- uppermost, above, or toward the head. Tay-Sachs Disease (TAY SAKS)- a fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain. Thoracic Cavity (thoh-RAS-ick)- surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.

Tissue- a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions. Transverse Plane (trans-VERSE)- a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Umbilical Region (um-BILL-ih-kal)- surrounds the umbilicus. Umbilicus (um-BILL-ih-kus)- commonly known as the belly button or navel. Vector-borne Transmission- the spread of certain disease due to the bite of vector. Ventral (VEN-tral)- refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body. Ventral Cavity- located along the front of the body, contains the gody organs that maintain homeostasis. Vertical Plane- an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon. Secondary Terms Midline- midsagittal plane Coronal Plane- frontal plane Bilateral- relating to, or having, two sides Chest Cavity/Thorax- thoracic cavity Diaphragm- a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Groin- the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh. Hypochondriac- below the ribs./ an individual with an abnormal concern about his or her health. Lumbar- the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis. Belly Button/Navel- umbilicus. Membrane- a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ. Parietal- cavity wall. Visceral- relating to the internal organs. Somatic Stem Cells- adult stem cells. Undifferentiated- not having a specialized function or structure. Differentiated- having a specialized function or structure. Hemopoietic- blood forming tissue of a donor’s bone marrow. Graft Versus Host Disease- possibility of rejection if there isn’t an excellent match between donor and recipient. Cord Blood- found in the umbilical cord and placenta of a newborn infant. Sickle Cell Anemia- a group of inherited red blood cell disorders that are transmitted by a recessive gene. Somatic Cell- any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells). Somatic- pertaining to the body in general. Sex Cell/Gamete- the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes. Deoxyribonucleic Acid- contains thousands of genes that provide the information essential for heredity, determining our physical appearance, disease risks, and other traits. Helix- a shape twisted like a spiral staircase. Double Helix- consists of two strands twisted together.

Somatic Cell Mutation- a change within the cells of the body. Gametic Cell Mutation- a change within the genes in a gamete (sex cell) that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children. Genetic Engineering- a manipulation or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes. Hereditary Disorder- genetic disorder. Degeneration- worsening condition PKU- phenylketonuria. Epidermis- the outer layer of the skin. Fat- adipose. Secretion- the substance produced by a gland. Malignant- harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening. Benign- not life threatening. Postmortem- after death. Pathogen- a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus. Transmission- the spread of a disease. Contamination- a pathogen is possibly present. Contagious Disease- communicable disease. Communicable- capable of being transmitted. Fecal-Oral Transmission- food-borne or waterborne transmission. Vector- describes insects or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs that are capable of transmitting a disease. Idiopathic- without known cause. Nosocomial- hospital-acquired. Congenital- existing at birth. Anal Atresia- the congenital absence of the opening at the bottom end of the anus. Rubella- infection a mother contracts while pregnant. Premature Birth- a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks. Birth Injuries- congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth. Cerebral Palsy- the result of brain damage, can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birth process. Gerontology- geriatrics. Gerontologist- geriatrician. Abbreviations DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid PKU- Phenylketonuria A- anterior Abd, Abdo- abdomen Anat- anatomy CD- communicable disease CH, chr- chromosome or chromosomes Cyt- cytology, cytoplasm

D- dorsal Epid- epidemic HEM, hemo- hemophilia His, Histo, histol- histology P- physiology, posterior Umb- umbilical V, vent, ventr- ventral Body Systems Skeletal System (Bones, joints, cartilage) Supports and shapes the body. Protects the internal organs. Forms some blood cells and stores minerals. Muscular System (Muscles, fascia, and tendons Holds the body erect. Makes movement possible. Moves body fluids and generates body heat. Cardiovascular System (Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood) Blood circulates throughout the body to transport oxygen and nutrients to cells, and to carry waste products to the kidneys where waste is removed by filtration. Lymphatic System (Lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes) Removes and transports waste products from the fluid between the cells. Destroys harmful substances such as pathogens and cancer cells in the lymph nodes. Returns the filtered lymph to the bloodstream where it becomes plasma again. Immune System (Tonsils, spleen, thymus, skin, and specialized blood cells) Defends the body against invading pathogens and allergens. Respiratory System (Nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, and lungs) Brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells. Removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body. Digestive System (Mouth, esophagus, s...