Chapter 20 knowledge check for homework PDF

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Chapter 20 knowledge check for homework Chapter 20 knowledge check for homework Chapter 20 knowledge check for homework Chapter 20 knowledge check for homework...

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20

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■ ■ ■ Knowledge Check— Answers (Volume 1) KNOWLEDGE CHECK 20-1 • Which age groups are most susceptible to thermoregulation problems, and why? Answer: Infants and older adults are most susceptible to the effects of environmental temperatures. Infants lose approximately 30% of their body heat through the head, which is proportionally larger with respect to their body than the heads of adults. Older adults have difficulty maintaining body heat because of decreased metabolism, decreased vasomotor control, and loss of subcutaneous tissue. • List five factors that affect body temperature. Answer: Correct answers include developmental level, circadian rhythm, environmental temperature, gender (some students may include hormones), emotions and stress, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, and increased production of epinephrine and norepinephrine. • What are the compensatory mechanisms for decreasing body temperature? Answer: Peripheral vasodilation, sweating, and inhibition of heat production are mechanisms that decrease body temperature. • What are the compensatory mechanisms for increasing body temperature? Answer: Vasoconstriction, release of epinephrine, and shivering are mechanisms that increase body temperature. Piloerection occurs, but it is an important heat-conservation reaction in hairy animals, not in humans.

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KNOWLEDGE CHECK 20-2 For each of the following, would you expect the pulse rate to be greater or less than the normal adult rate of 80 beats/min? Answer: • A healthy, professional tennis player—less than normal • A newborn infant—greater than normal • An adolescent who has just finished running track—greater than normal • A client who has just undergone a painful procedure—greater than normal • A client with a fever—greater than normal • An accident victim who is hemorrhaging—greater than normal • A 90-year-old man—less than normal

KNOWLEDGE CHECK 20-3 • Which two gases are exchanged through respiration? Answer: Oxygen (O 2) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) are the two gases exchanged during respiration. • Which respiratory process involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs? Answer: Pulmonary ventilation (or breathing) involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs. • What is external respiration? Answer: External respiration is the exchange of oxygen (O 2) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) between blood in the pulmonary vessels and air in the alveoli. • What is the primary stimulus for breathing? Answer: An increased carbon dioxide (CO 2) level in the blood is the primary stimulus for breathing.

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CHAPTER 20

• What mechanical forces allow the lungs to expand? Answer: Lung expansion is allowed by the contraction and downward movement of the diaphragm and expansion of the thoracic space and may also include contraction of thoracic muscles and accessory muscles and movement of the abdomen, which also expand the thorax, lowering airway pressure and allowing air to move into the lungs.

KNOWLEDGE CHECK 20-4 • How can you estimate a client’s tidal volume? Answer: Tidal volume can be estimated by observing the depth of the client’s respirations. • What is the range of normal for an adult’s respiratory rate? Answer: A rate of 12 to 20 breaths per minute is normal for adults. • Besides the rate, what other characteristics of a client’s respirations should you observe? Answer: Depth, rhythm, effort, breath sounds, and chest movement should be observed in addition to rate. • What are common clinical signs associated with poor oxygenation? Answer: Pallor or cyanosis of the nails, lips, or skin; restlessness; apprehension; confusion; dizziness; fatigue; changes in pulse and blood pressure; and decreased level of consciousness are associated with poor oxygenation.

KNOWLEDGE CHECK 20-5 • For a client whose BP is 150/80 mm Hg, what is the pulse pressure? Answer: 70 mm Hg (150 – 80 = 70) • Is that normal? If so, explain. If not, what should the pulse pressure be? Answer: It is not normal; pulse pressure should not be more than one-third of the systolic measure (150), which is ≤ 50 mm Hg.

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• Which of the Korotkoff sounds would you record as the diastolic pressure? Answer: Fifth • A nurse is auscultating a BP. He hears the first sound at 170 mm Hg. The sound disappears immediately. At 150 mm Hg, the sound appears again and continues until there is silence at 80 mm Hg. The pressures were taken in the right arm with the client supine. How should the nurse record these pressures? Answer: BP RA, supine, 170/80 mm Hg with an auscultatory gap from 170 to 150 mm Hg How do you explain what happened? Answer: An auscultatory gap occurred. A gap is most commonly heard in hypertensive clients, whose systolic blood pressure is higher than the adult normal limit of...