Chapter 24 Lifespan Development Blueprintexam 3 PDF

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VNSG 1400 Blue Print for Exam 3 Chapter24 Lifespan Development 1. Discuss growth and development include patterns of growth and ethical consideration Growth and Development What types of changes do living beings undergo? – physical (tissues, cells and fluids), cognitive, communication, emotions, behavior and feelings. What is growth? It is an increase in size, in all body parts. What is development? Development refers to function and the gradual process of change and differentiation, from simple to complex. Development proceeds as an orderly, sequential series of changes. What are the two directional terms that are important to understand growth and development? Cephalocaudal- and Proximodistal. **Cephalocaudal is defined as growth and development that proceeds from the head toward the feet. The infant's head is large as compared with the rest of its body; gradually the body catches up. *** Proximodistal refers to growth and development that originates in the center of the body and moves toward the outside. For example, the infant gains control of the shoulders before developing control of the hands and fingers. The principles of growth and development may be summarized as follows: 1. It varies from person to person- highly individualized rate 2. Growth and development are continuous and interdependent processes characterized by spurts of growth and periods of rest. 3. It is predictable, simple to complex , it happens in a progressive sequence of changes. 4. Not all organs grow and develop at the same rate. 5. Growth and development are a total process that involves the whole person. The person grows physically, socially, mentally, and emotionally. Types of growth are interrelated. Patterns of Growth Factors that affect growth pattern: genetically (main factor that controls growth). Nutrition, heredity, and environment- are other factors that affect growth pattern. What is a Chromosome: blueprint for all inherited traits is contained in the chromosomes (threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information. Karyotype: is when two (identical people) have the same combination of chromosomes.

VNSG 1400 Blue Print for Exam 3 ***The process of division, transmission, and mixing of chromosomes accounts for the variations in distinctive family traits or, in contrast, their continuity. Where does development begins? – at conception(fertilization)- the union of the sperm and ovum- the combination of the genetic material of both parents. What influences the production of a unique individual? 1. Genetic material 2. Environmental influences Zygote/ blastocyst - contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes What does the sex chromosome do?, determine the gender of the baby. What type of chromosome does the ovum carry? X chromosome What type of chromosome does the sperm carry? sometimes carries an X and sometimes a Y chromosome The presence of what Y chromosomes in the sperm means? the baby will be male The presence of what X chromosomes in the sperm means? the baby will be a female. A teratogen- is an example of an environmental factor that may affect growth and development. It is a substance, agent, or process that interferes with normal prenatal development, causing the formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus. Drugs, alcohol, viruses, and cigarette smoke are just a few of the known harmful substances that are best avoided during pregnancy. What is the percentage of unfavorable pregnancies outcomes attributed to smoking? – 5%- 25% A baby is born with low–birth weight, what might have been the mother’s contribution to this? She was a smoker. Tay-Sachs disease, sickle cell disease, phenylketonuria, and spina bifida- these are examples of transmitted abnormality that can be traced to genetics. What is the benefits of genetic testing? – it allows the parent to know if they are carriers of certain inherited diseases. It provides families with information to use in future decision making. Its allows a genetic counselor to analyzing test results and provide information regarding the likelihood of genes being passed on to a child. Why may genetic testing be suggested? Based on age, medical history, ethnicity.

2. Discuss and explain types of families A basic unit of life is- the family. What is a family composed of- two or more individuals united by marriage, blood, adoption, emotional bonds, and social roles. The individuals of the family share emotional ties that usually persist over their entire lifetime.

VNSG 1400 Blue Print for Exam 3 A patient is in your care and you noticed that his culture is different from your, what are some factors you may have to consider: • Know the patient's family and kinship. • Understand the values, flow of authority, and decision-making patterns within the family. • Understand different gender roles. • Listen carefully to direct verbal and indirect nonverbal cultural cues. • Be aware of common foods and eating rituals. • Recognize that religious beliefs are likely to affect a person's response to health, illness, birth, and death.

What may likely affect a person’s response to health, illness, birth, and death? Religious belief. Mention factors that have influenced the changes in modern family today. • Economic changes, which resulted in an increase in the number of women in the workforce • The feminist movement • More effective birth control • Legalization of abortion • Postponement of marriage and childbearing • Increase in divorce rate Mention the basic functions/responsibilities of a family unit; protection, nurturance, education, sustenance, Instilling morals, values and ideals into the children and socialization What are the ideal functions of a family unit: unconditional affection, acceptance, and companionship When the needs of an individual for growth and development are met in a family, what will the outcome be? Personal fulfillment and strengthen self-esteem. The first socializing agent that teaches children about the society’ expectation and limitations is- the family. The roles and functions of families are not necessarily stable or constant but are vulnerable to change. – True/ False- True.

VNSG 1400 Blue Print for Exam 3 Nuclear Family -

Married parents (first marriage) and biological offspring. It has gender- based roles Not popular in the USA Used to be called the normal family- but not anymore

Modern day Nuclear Family-

consists of a husband and wife with or without children living in an independent household setting both parents work and share equally in the financial support and the roles and responsibilities of the family unit

Extended Family -

this is the nuclear family plus grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, and uncles who live in the same household. A sharing of support, roles, and responsibilities is common to this family structure. It is the basic family structure in many societies.

Single-Parent Family -

exists today by choice or as the result of death, divorce, separation, or abandonment. More than 40% of single-parent families are the result of divorce. The head of the household may be male or female. This type of family unit also results when an unwed parent lives alone or a single person adopts a child. The single parent has the sole responsibility of carrying out the functions that typically are shared by two members. This family system is more common in recent years.

Blended (Reconstituted) Family/stepfamily -

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is formed when adults remarry and bring together children from previous marriages. It is estimated that 15% of children are living in a household with two parents who are in a remarriage. This type of family potentially presents many types of stresses. Losses resulting from death or divorce sometimes cause adults and children to be fearful of love and trust. Children may have loyalties to one parent, which results in difficulties achieving a bond with the new stepparent.

VNSG 1400 Blue Print for Exam 3 -

Jealousies may arise as efforts are made to unite the stepchildren into a single family

Social Contract Family and Cohabitation -

social contract family style also is referred to as cohabitation. It involves an unmarried couple(man/woman) living together and sharing roles and responsibilities.

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comprises a same-sex couple. Homosexual adults form family units. The members share bonds of emotional commitment and roles of child rearing. Many of these family structures consist of biologic, adopted, or foster children. Regardless of the specific family structure, all families share common parenting concerns and responsibilities. They live together with shared responsibilities

Homosexual Family

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Transgender Family -

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Adoptive Family -

consist of one or more parents who have had a gender reassignment or are gender nonconforming. Current surveys have found that between 25% to 50% of transgender people are parents and that they have generally good relationships with their children. Like the other types of family units, transgender families share the same parenting concerns and responsibilities of raising children

a family unit with adopted children/ Consists of usually traditional nuclear family members, husband, wife, and adoptive child Each year, approximately 120,000 children are adopted in the United States Adoption may be time consuming, anxiety provoking, and expensive. The couples who adopt children may have experienced years of infertility and related treatments. Families created by adoption achieve the same fulfillment associated with parenting as those families created by natural procreation.

Grandfamilies -

refer to families with children under the age of 18 years who live with or in the custody of grandparents. This group represents a growing demographic.

VNSG 1400 Blue Print for Exam 3 -

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Research shows that parental substance abuse is one of the most common reasons grand families are becoming more prevalent. The number of children in foster care being raised by relatives because of alcohol and drug abuse has increased from 33% in 2008 to just more than 40% in 2014. Unfortunately, 21% of these families live below the poverty line and have to deal with various other stressors, which may include their own mental health issues stemming from shame or guilt about their adult child's inability to parent and their substance abuse disorder, social isolation, and depression. Research confirms that, although it presents a challenging situation, children have more stable and safe childhoods when raised by grandparents and other relatives than when they are placed with nonrelatives. Other reasons grandfamilies are formed include substance abuse, mental illness, military deployment, incarceration, and parental death

Foster Family -

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when the biologic parents are unable or unwilling to provide adequate, safe care for their children. Children placed in foster care typically are placed there by the court system. The reasons for placement traditionally involve abuse or neglect. Individual circumstances determine the amount of time for the placement, Ideally, the parents can achieve stability and are allowed to again care for their children, thus protecting the parental bond. The number of US children living in foster care has decreased significantly in recent years. In 2002 more than 500,000 children were in foster care; in 2012 the number was substantially less at fewer than 400,000 children in foster care. The actual percentage declined by 23.7% from 2002 to 2012 Although there has been a national decline in the number of children entering the foster care system, unfortunately, many children will never return to the care of their biologic parents; they face living in the foster care system until they “age out” as they reach legal adulthood. Foster parents are responsible for care, supervision, and nurturing of children in their charge

3. Understand the stages of growth and development in an infant(Birth- 1) What is the infant’s developmental task and the outcome? Basic Trust vs Mistrust

VNSG 1400 Blue Print for Exam 3 Children from birth to 2 years have what cognitive development according to piaget? Sensorimotor: Birth to 2 Years What are the characteristics of the sensorimotor cognitive development? -

Uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world and coordinates sensorimotor skills; this period begins with reflexes Develops schema Begins to interact with environment Learns that an object still exists when it is out of sight (object permanence) and begins to remember and imagine experiences (mental representation) Develops thinking and goal-directed behavior

At infancy what unique ability does the infant brain have? - ability to sort out basic sounds and to extract from sentences the most meaningful elements becomes apparent. Who has an enormous potential to influence the infant's intellectual and language development? Parents and other caregivers. Infants do not speak spontaneously. True/False- True What provides a means for an infant to acquire skills? Interaction with the environment Speech requires intact physiologic functioning of: (1) the respiratory system; (2) the speech control centers in the cerebral cortex; and (3) the articulation and resonance structures of the mouth and nasal cavities. In addition, acquisition of language requires: (1) an intact and discriminating auditory apparatus; (2) intelligence; (3) a need to communicate; and (4) stimulation. The rate of speech development varies from child to child and is related directly to neurologic competence and intellectual development. – true/false - True All children go through the same sequence of stages in language and speech development in early childhood unless abnormal conditions are present- – true/false - True The normal language development of a 1 year old is- Says two or three words with meaning Imitates sounds of animal, Omission of most final and some initial consonants, Substitution of consonants m, w, p, b, k, g, n, t, d, and h for more difficult sounds- Use of unintelligible jargon peaks at age 18 months What is the level of intelligibility of a 1 year old? – Usually no more than 25% intelligible to unfamiliar listener The purpose of a 3 month babbling is to ; they typically explore all the possible sounds they can make by enhancing the force of the air stream as it passes their vocal cords and by varying the positions of their tongue and mouth.

VNSG 1400 Blue Print for Exam 3 Mention the language ability an infant may possess. -

recognition of words. ability to produce holo phrases (one-word sentences that convey a complete message [“up”]). Infants learn to expand their holo phrases by attaching them back-to-back to other nouns or verbs. They thus form two-word sentences (“mommy milk,” “daddy come”).

An infant is noted to have early speech this is described as? Telegraphic speech Define Telegraphic speech- as in telegram messages, the articles, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions are omitted. In organizing and coding language, infants acquire an understanding of the most meaningful units of speech. No one teaches infants to use nouns and verbs first. They learn this sequence on their own.True/false- True A common rule of thumb about the evolution of early speech acquisition is that the number of words in an average response usually corresponds- the chronologic age of the child.( a two year old will say 2 words)

An infant's physical development happens so rapidly that size, shape, and skills seem - to change daily. The growth of an infant proceeds in a- cephalocaudal and proximodistal sequence, is rapid during the first 6 months of life. How much weight does an infant gain per month until 5 months? About 1.5 pounds (3.3 kg) per month When does an infant double their birth weight? by 4 to 6 months. A baby at birth was 2.5 kg, what is the babies weight by 1 year? 7.5 kg (the birth weight has tripled by age 1 (average weight is 21.5 pounds or 47.3 kg). The infants weight gain in the first months of life is in the form of fat, what is the benefit of this weight?- it provides insulation and a source of nourishment to draw on if teething or other problems decrease food intake for a few days. At 8 months an infant’s weight gain includes? bone and muscle. By how much does the infant height increase per month in the first 6 months? 1 inch (2.54 cm)

At birth a child measured 18 inches, what is the child’s length by 12 months? 27 inches (the infant's birth length has increased about 50%; the typical length is 30 inches (75 cm).)

VNSG 1400 Blue Print for Exam 3

Factors that influence an infant’s wide variation body temperature are - activity levels and state of health. At a 2 month checkup an infant Apical rates was slow and respiration rates were also decreased, the reading were 120 bpm, would this be a normal reading?- yes At 2 months, the average apical rate is about 120 beats per minute. Count the apical pulse for a full minute, noting variations in rate, volume, and rhythm. Respiratory rates also decrease during infancy; these rates are related to activity level. At 12 months what is the average resting respiratory rate for the 12-month-old – 30 bpm At 12 months the Blood pressure readings gradually increase - to 90/60 mm Hg. Vital signs: BP: 90/60 mmHg, Heart rate; 120 bpm, Respiration( at rest): 30bpm(infant) At what age does an infant begin teeth?5 to 6 months of age. Mention possible signs of teething. irritability, edematous red gums, excessive drooling, and change in stooling—begin 3 to 4 weeks before the appearance of the tooth What does oral hygiene for the young infant consists of? offering sips of clear water and wiping and massaging the infant's gums. When does The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (n.d.) recommends that children have their first dental visit? when the first tooth appears but no later than the child's first birthday. 6 months: Teething begins with eruption of two lower central incisors 7 months: Eruption of upper central incisors 9 months: Eruption of upper lateral incisors 11 months: Eruption of lower lateral incisors 12 months: Approximately 6 to 8 teeth present 24 months: Approximately 16 teeth present 30 months: Completion of primary dentition; 20 teeth present When should parents start brushing their infants teeth? after the first teeth appear- this element of dental hygiene is important to continue throughout the lifespan. An infants teeth should be brushed using either with fluoride toothpaste or water with fluoride in itTrue/false- true How can bottle mouth syndrome be prevented - avoid putting anything but water in the infant's night bottle- do not prop up the bottle and then leave the child alone with it, because this practice potentially leads to aspiration.

VNSG 1400 Blue Print for Exam 3 Mention the vital factors in providing love and security for an infant- holding the infant during feeding provides warmth, comfort, and bonding. As a nurse you receive an infant, who can hold his head up while in a prone position, how old is the infant? 2 months As a nurse you receive an infant, who can hold the head up steadily to a 90-degree angle while in the prone position how old is the infant? 4 months As a nurse you receive an infant, who can balance the head well. how old is the infant? 6 months As nurse you receive an infant, who is 7 months old, what ability should the baby have? The infants should have acquired the ability to sit up steadily without support. Describe an early movement of an infant- Crawling this is a motion made with the infants abdomen touching the floor. Describe creeping? This is an advanced form of locomotion. The infant accomplishes this by resting the weight on the hands and knees. At what age does the infant begin to crawl, with a...